Table 2.
Participant characteristics in GLP-1 agonist, DPP-4 inhibitor, and sulfonylurea groups at baseline.
| GLP-1 agonists | DPP-4 inhibitors | Sulfonylureas | Crude standardized mean difference |
Weighted standardized mean difference |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 agonists vs. sulfonylureas | DPP-4 inhibitors vs. sulfonylureas | GLP-1 agonists vs. DPP-4 inhibitors | GLP-1 agonists vs. sulfonylureas | DPP-4 inhibitors vs. sulfonylureas | GLP-1 agonists vs. DPP-4 inhibitors | ||||
| n | 12,351 | 43,850 | 32,216 | ||||||
| Sex = Woman (%) | 5138 (41.6) | 19,731 (45.0) | 14,588 (45.3) | 0.074 | 0.006 | 0.069 | 0.027 | 0.017 | 0.010 |
| Age at baseline (mean (SD)) | 71.62 (4.83) | 74.78 (6.68) | 74.21 (6.58) | 0.449 | 0.087 | 0.543 | 0.004 | 0.040 | 0.037 |
| Household income (%) | 0.282 | 0.100 | 0.182 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 0.009 | |||
| High | 5155 (41.7) | 14,547 (33.2) | 9234 (28.7) | ||||||
| Low | 3343 (27.1) | 14,412 (32.9) | 11,544 (35.8) | ||||||
| Median | 3853 (31.2) | 14,891 (34.0) | 11,438 (35.5) | ||||||
| Education (%) | 0.243 | 0.080 | 0.165 | 0.016 | 0.031 | 0.016 | |||
| Primary education | 4065 (32.9) | 17,894 (40.8) | 14,324 (44.5) | ||||||
| Secondary education | 5692 (46.1) | 18,066 (41.2) | 12,783 (39.7) | ||||||
| Tertiary education or higher | 2594 (21.0) | 7890 (18.0) | 5109 (15.9) | ||||||
| Civil status = Having a partner (%) | 4009 (32.5) | 10,388 (23.7) | 5942 (18.4) | 0.326 | 0.129 | 0.196 | 0.022 | 0.001 | 0.023 |
| Enrollment year (%) | 1.203 | 1.075 | 0.157 | 0.095 | 0.045 | 0.053 | |||
| 2010–2013 | 1844 (14.9) | 6605 (15.1) | 16,888 (52.4) | ||||||
| 2014–2017 | 4127 (33.4) | 19,439 (44.3) | 12,343 (38.3) | ||||||
| 2018–2020 | 6380 (51.7) | 17,806 (40.6) | 2985 (9.3) | ||||||
| Cancers = Yes (%) | 1150 (9.3) | 4687 (10.7) | 3227 (10.0) | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.046 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases = Yes (%) | 889 (7.2) | 3640 (8.3) | 2494 (7.7) | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.041 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.003 |
| Hyperlipidemia = Yes (%) | 2337 (18.9) | 5886 (13.4) | 3736 (11.6) | 0.205 | 0.055 | 0.150 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Hypertension = Yes (%) | 6198 (50.2) | 19,353 (44.1) | 12,531 (38.9) | 0.229 | 0.106 | 0.121 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.016 |
| Heart diseases = Yes (%) | 3934 (31.9) | 12,704 (29.0) | 8225 (25.5) | 0.140 | 0.077 | 0.063 | 0.027 | 0.021 | 0.006 |
| Neurological disorders = Yes (%) | 343 (2.8) | 1517 (3.5) | 908 (2.8) | 0.003 | 0.037 | 0.039 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.006 |
| Hearing loss = Yes (%) | 598 (4.8) | 2056 (4.7) | 1659 (5.1) | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.007 | 0.028 | 0.020 | 0.008 |
| Mental disorders = Yes (%) | 876 (7.1) | 2829 (6.5) | 1836 (5.7) | 0.057 | 0.032 | 0.026 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Obesity = Yes (%) | 1641 (13.3) | 1955 (4.5) | 992 (3.1) | 0.379 | 0.072 | 0.314 | 0.035 | 0.011 | 0.046 |
| Sleep disorders = Yes (%) | 1055 (8.5) | 1823 (4.2) | 1012 (3.1) | 0.232 | 0.054 | 0.181 | 0.030 | 0.009 | 0.040 |
| Lifestyle-related conditions = Yes (%) | 428 (3.5) | 1326 (3.0) | 777 (2.4) | 0.062 | 0.038 | 0.025 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Antihypertensive drugs = Yes (%) | 11,374 (92.1) | 38,698 (88.3) | 27,266 (84.6) | 0.234 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.034 | 0.025 | 0.009 |
| Lipid lowering drugs = Yes (%) | 9402 (76.1) | 30,157 (68.8) | 19,853 (61.6) | 0.317 | 0.150 | 0.165 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.014 |
| Cardiac therapy = Yes (%) | 2151 (17.4) | 6926 (15.8) | 5194 (16.1) | 0.035 | 0.009 | 0.044 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.004 |
| Psychotropic medications = Yes (%) | 2157 (17.5) | 6807 (15.5) | 4453 (13.8) | 0.100 | 0.048 | 0.052 | 0.028 | 0.003 | 0.024 |
| Neuropharmaceuticals = Yes (%) | 1044 (8.5) | 2943 (6.7) | 1756 (5.5) | 0.118 | 0.053 | 0.066 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
| Antithrombotics = Yes (%) | 7190 (58.2) | 23,785 (54.2) | 16,585 (51.5) | 0.136 | 0.055 | 0.080 | 0.036 | 0.031 | 0.006 |
| Home cares = Yes (%) | 1295 (10.5) | 7441 (17.0) | 4366 (13.6) | 0.094 | 0.095 | 0.189 | 0.038 | 0.015 | 0.023 |
| Chronic morbidity index (mean (SD)) | 4.34 (3.28) | 3.82 (3.14) | 3.38 (2.89) | 0.314 | 0.147 | 0.164 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 0.026 |
| HFRS (mean (SD)) | 1.80 (2.97) | 1.80 (3.02) | 1.47 (2.58) | 0.117 | 0.117 | 0.001 | 0.045 | 0.032 | 0.012 |
| ACB score (mean (SD)) | 6.11 (14.17) | 6.32 (15.68) | 5.80 (14.86) | 0.021 | 0.034 | 0.014 | 0.051 | 0.028 | 0.024 |
| No. of diabetic complications (mean (SD)) | 0.41 (0.78) | 0.22 (0.55) | 0.15 (0.43) | 0.403 | 0.132 | 0.279 | 0.045 | 0.033 | 0.012 |
| Metformin = Yes (%) | 9472 (76.7) | 35,626 (81.2) | 26,389 (81.9) | 0.129 | 0.017 | 0.112 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.001 |
| Insulin = Yes (%) | 7087 (57.4) | 9253 (21.1) | 2084 (6.5) | 1.304 | 0.434 | 0.800 | 0.066 | 0.004 | 0.062 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors = Yes (%) | 1653 (13.4) | 1807 (4.1) | 337 (1.0) | 0.491 | 0.195 | 0.332 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.035 |
| Thiazolidinediones = Yes (%) | 188 (1.5) | 649 (1.5) | 531 (1.6) | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.030 | 0.004 |
| Combinations of oral antidiabetic drugs = Yes (%) | 518 (4.2) | 808 (1.8) | 531 (1.6) | 0.152 | 0.015 | 0.138 | 0.049 | 0.076 | 0.027 |
| Other antidiabetic drugs = Yes (%) | 691 (5.6) | 2357 (5.4) | 1035 (3.2) | 0.116 | 0.107 | 0.010 | 0.042 | 0.004 | 0.046 |
GLP-1 agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. DPP-4 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. HFRS, hospital frailty risk score. ACB score, anticholinergic burden score. SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.