Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables by Ownership Group (n = 38 550).
| Variables | NFPI | NFPC | FPI | FPC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use of agency RNs (0 = No) | 2438 (51.57%)*** | 1921 (41.70%)*** | 5300 (49.92%)*** | 8553 (46.00%)*** |
| Use of agency RNs (1 = Yes) | 2288 (48.43%)*** | 2684 (58.30%)*** | 5316 (50.08%)*** | 10 039 (54.00%)*** |
| Use of agency LPNs (0 = No) | 2096 (44.35%)*** | 1696 (36.82%)*** | 4648 (43.77%)*** | 7475 (40.21%)*** |
| Use of agency LPNs (1 = Yes) | 2630 (55.65%)*** | 2909 (63.18%)*** | 5968 (56.23%)*** | 11 117 (59.79%)*** |
| Use of agency CNAs (0 = No) | 1910 (40.42%)*** | 1588 (34.49%)*** | 4438 (41.81%)*** | 7254 (39.02%)*** |
| Use of agency CNAs (1 = Yes) | 2816 (59.58%)*** | 3017 (65.51%)*** | 6178 (58.19%)*** | 11 338 (60.98%)*** |
| Size (beds) | 81. 63 (62.58)*** | 72.58 (41.18)*** | 88.22 (54.81)*** | 77.96 (36.51)*** |
| One-star quality rating | 205 (4.31%)*** | 151 (3.26%)*** | 750 (7.10%)*** | 1057 (5.68%)*** |
| Two-star quality rating | 537 (11.28%)*** | 482 (10.40%)*** | 1561 (14.78%)*** | 2637 (14.18%)*** |
| Three-star quality rating | 894 (18.78%)*** | 992 (21.41%)*** | 2145 (20.31%)*** | 4088 (21.98%)*** |
| Four-star quality rating | 1312 (27.57%)*** | 1347 (29.07%)*** | 2626 (24.86%)*** | 5044 (27.13%)*** |
| Five-star quality rating | 1812 (38.06%)*** | 1662 (35.86%)*** | 3480 (32.95%)*** | 5774 (31.03%)*** |
| Operating margin | 1.44 (22.98)*** | 1.55 (22.89)*** | 6.63 (19.22)*** | 9.16 (21.59)*** |
| Occupancy rate | 72 (19.52) | 72 (24.88) | 73 (18.29) | 72 (61.96) |
| RN hours per resident day | 0.57 (0.38)*** | 0.56 (0.38)*** | 0.4 (0.3)*** | 0.4(0.28)*** |
| LPN hours per resident day | 0.82 (0.39)*** | 0.80 (0.35)*** | 0.84 (0.35)*** | 0.82 (0.30)*** |
| CNA hours per resident day | 2.49 (0.66)*** | 2.19 (0.63)*** | 2.09 (0.6)*** | 1.95 (0.50)*** |
| Percentage of Medicaid residents | 47.89 926.36)*** | 46.95 (26.75)*** | 58.55 (24.55)*** | 58.58 (24.65)*** |
| Percentage of Medicare residents | 12.08 (12.15) | 13.45 (11.63) | 15.42 (13.59) | 13.92 (11.82) |
| Percentage of Black residents | 4.35 (12.82)*** | 4.72 (12.40)*** | 10.70 (18.50)*** | 9.42 (17.53)*** |
| Percentage of Hispanic residents | 1.26 (6.66)*** | 1.51 (7.75)*** | 5.04 (12.55)*** | 3.16 (10.39)*** |
| Percentage of other residents | 6.43 (12.18)*** | 6.79 (11.27)*** | 10.97 (16.27)*** | 8.93 (12.99)*** |
| RN FTE per thousand population | 5.27 (4.66)*** | 5.24 (3.65)*** | 5.06 (3.89)*** | 5.07 (3.9)*** |
| LPN FTE per thousand population | 0.4 (0.56)*** | 0.37 (0.47)*** | 0.36 (0.51)*** | 0.38(0.47)*** |
| CNA FTE per thousand population | 1.97 (1.92)*** | 1.91 (1.45)*** | 1.85 (1.84)*** | 1.86 (1.65)*** |
| Population 65 years and over | 18.52 (4.30)*** | 17.96 (4.13)*** | 17.56 (3.90)*** | 18.00 (4.31)*** |
| Uninsurance rate | 9.64 (4.66)*** | 10.04 (4.86)*** | 10.57 (4.93)*** | 10.95 (5.02)*** |
| Household income (USD) | 64298.12 (16394.43)*** | 64449.71 (16393.24)*** | 65014.94 (18745.33)*** | 62608.89 (16988.97)*** |
| Medicare advantage penetration | 38.78 (14.74)*** | 40.25 (13.60)*** | 41.46 (13.47)*** | 40.87 (13.24)*** |
| Competition (HHI) | 22.91 (26.13)*** | 19.81 (22.94)*** | 18.21 (23.86)*** | 21.47 (24.91)*** |
Note. N = number of nursing homes; NFPI = not-for-profit independent; NFPC = not for profit chain; FPI = for profit independent; FPC = for profit chain; RNs = registered nurses; LPNs = licensed practical nurses; CNAs = certified nursing aides; FTE = full-time equivalent; USD = United States Dollar; HHI = Herfindahl–Hirschman Index.
*
P < .05. **P < .01. *** P < .001.