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. 2024 Oct 16;19:10435–10453. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S475742

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© 2024 Chen et al.

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(a–d) Particle size distribution, (e) polydispersity index, (f) zeta potential, and (g) encapsulation efficiency of the chitosan nanoparticles prepared with four different chitosan-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) mass ratios (5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1). Two groups of particle size distributions were found for chitosan nanoparticles with a smaller size less than 500 nm and a larger size greater than 1000 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles indicated that their surfaces were positively charged. The encapsulation efficiency was the highest when the mass ratio of chitosan to TPP was 15:1. The (h) percentage and (i) concentration (mg/mL) of cisplatin released from the nanoparticles prepared with the mass ratio of 15:1. Of the cisplatin, 28.16% (0.011 mg/mL) was released within the first 24 h, and progressively slower release continued until 100% (0.033 mg/mL) release was achieved on Day 35. (j) The nanoparticles prepared with the mass ratio of 15:1 were spherical with a size range of 100–200 nm and the size increased after aggregation (k).