TABLE 1.
DM affects the innate immune response of TB patients.
| Cell type | Effects of DM on immune cells in patients with TB | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Monocytes |
(1) Inhibited differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. (2) Impaired differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells. (3) Suppressed phagocytic activity of monocytes. (4) Reduced secretion of IL‐1β and IL‐8 due to glibenclamide administration in patients with diabetes mellitus. (5) Altered complement pathway leading to impaired activation of monocyte signaling pathways in patients. |
[17, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65] |
| Macrophages |
(1) GPR183 and oxysterol expression decrease, leading to reduced recruitment of macrophages. (2) The recognition function of macrophages toward MTB is impaired. (3) The antigen presentation function of macrophages is decreased. (4) Expression of macrophage receptors and CD14 decreases. (5) Polarization of M2 macrophages increases. (6) Expression levels of HLA‐DR, CD80, and CD86 decrease. (7) M1 pro‐inflammatory response increases. (8) Expression of HIF‐1 regulatory genes is downregulated. |
[18, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74] |
| DC |
(1) The frequency of DC is negatively correlated with blood glucose levels. (2) DCs exhibit decreased secretion of IFN‐y. (3) The differentiation and maturation of DCs are hindered. |
[62, 75, 76, 77] |
| Neutrophils |
(1) The frequency of neutrophils significantly increases. (2) Neutrophil adhesiveness is impaired. (3) DM can induce NET. (4) Neutrophils secrete decreased levels of IL‐22. |
[62, 75, 76, 77] |
| NK cell |
(1) The frequency of NK cells is negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose. (2) The frequency of CD107a in NK cells is decreased. (3) NK cells secrete increased levels of IL‐6. (4) TNF‐a and IL‐17 in NK cells are significantly elevated. |
[58, 78, 79] |
Abbreviations: DC, dendritic cells; DM, diabetes mellitus; HIF‐1, hypoxia‐inducible factor 1; HLA‐DR, human leukocyte antigen‐DR; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NET, neutrophil extracellular traps; NK cell, natural killer cell; TB, tuberculosis.