Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population at the time of de-novo AFCA according to extra-PV triggers.
| De-novo AFCA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Extra-PV trigger (-) | Extra-PV trigger (+) | p-value | |
| Total, n | 2,036 | 1,783 | 253 | |
| Age, years | 59 (52–67) | 59 (51–67) | 61 (54–68) | 0.009 |
| Female | 573 (28.1) | 483 (27.1) | 90 (35.6) | 0.006 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 1,373 (67.4) | 1,209 (67.8) | 164 (64.8) | 0.381 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 (22.9–26.6) | 24.7 (22.9–26.7) | 24.4 (22.7–26.4) | 0.180 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| HTN | 915 (44.9) | 799 (44.8) | 116 (45.8) | 0.808 |
| DM | 291 (14.3) | 258 (14.5) | 33 (13.0) | 0.610 |
| Heart failure | 271 (13.3) | 233 (13.1) | 38 (15.0) | 0.449 |
| Vascular disease | 222 (10.9) | 205 (11.5) | 17 (6.7) | 0.030 |
| Echocardiography parameter | ||||
| EF,% | 64.0 (59.0–68.0) | 64.0 (59.0–69.0) | 64.0 (60.0–68.0) | 0.903 |
| E/e’ | 9.0 (7.4–12.0) | 9.0 (7.3–12.0) | 9.4 (8.0–12.0) | 0.098 |
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 34.5 (27.5 | 34.0 (27.3–42.9) | 37.4 (29.6–48.9) | <0.001 |
| Empirical linear ablation | ||||
| Extra-PV LA linear line | 780 (38.3) | 648 (36.3) | 132 (52.2) | <0.001 |
| Extra-PV RA linear line | 1,489 (73.1) | 1,274 (71.5) | 215 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| RAAS inhibitors | 697 (34.3) | 605 (34.0) | 92 (36.4) | 0.500 |
| Beta blockers | 624 (30.7) | 553 (31.1) | 71 (28.1) | 0.370 |
| Heart rate variability (n = 1,293) | ||||
| Mean heart rate, bpm | 74 (66–82) | 74 (67–82) | 71 (63–80) | <0.001 |
| rMSSD, ms | 15.0 (11.0–23.0) | 15.0 (11.0–23.0) | 17.0 (11.0–28.0) | 0.022 |
| LF, Hz | 5.7 (3.4–10.2) | 5.7 (3.4–9.9) | 5.9 (3.3–11.6) | 0.215 |
| HF, Hz | 5.3 (3.8–8.3) | 5.3 (3.8–8.2) | 5.9 (4.0–10.8) | 0.075 |
| LF/HF ratio | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.916 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; AFCA, atrial fibrillation catheter ablation; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; E/e’, ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity; HF, high frequency; HTN, hypertension; EF, ejection fraction; LA, left atrium; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LF, low frequency; PV, pulmonary vein; RA, right atrium; rMSSD, root mean square of differences between successive RR intervals.