Table 2.

Risk of post-AFCA recurrence and subsequent AAD responsiveness according to extra-PV trigger and HRVs.

	Post-AFCA recurrence				Post-AAD recurrence
	Univariable		Multivariablea		Univariable		Multivariablea
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Extra-PV trigger	1.81 (1.46–2.24)	<0.001	1.45 (1.16–1.83)	0.001	1.12 (0.83–1.52)	0.456	1.12 (0.78–1.69)	0.436
HRV parametersb
Low mean heart rate	0.62 (0.52–0.74)	<0.001	0.75 (0.62–0.92)	0.005	0.77 (0.60–0.99)	0.045	0.86 (0.64–1.15)	0.305
High rMSSD	1.63 (1.37–1.95)	<0.001	1.36 (1.11–1.65)	0.003	1.23 (0.95–1.59)	0.109	1.16 (0.87–1.55)	0.300
High LF	1.60 (1.34–1.91)	<0.001	1.41 (1.16–1.71)	<0.001	1.01 (0.78–1.30)	0.961	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	0.810
High HF	1.69 (1.41–2.02)	<0.001	1.43 (1.17–1.74)	<0.001	1.05 (0.81–1.36)	0.699	1.01 (0.75–1.34)	0.967
High LF/HF ratio	1.23 (1.00–1.50)	0.048	1.25 (1.00–1.56)	0.049	1.04 (0.77–1.42)	0.792	0.97 (0.69–1.35)	0.857

AAD, anti-arrhythmic drug; AF, atrial fibrillation; AFCA, atrial fibrillation catheter ablation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; E/e’, ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity; HR, hazard ratio; HRV, heart rate variability; HF, high frequency; HTN, hypertension; EF, ejection fraction; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LF, low frequency; PV, pulmonary vein; rMSSD, root mean square of differences between successive RR intervals.

^a Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was adjusted for age, sex, AF type, HTN, DM, BMI, heart failure, vascular disease, EF, E/e’, LAVI, Extra-PV LA linear ablation, Extra-PV RA linear ablation, and AAD after 3 months of a blanking period.

^b Cut-off values for HRV parameters were derived from the Youden index.