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. 2024 Aug 14;64(11):gnae113. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnae113

Table 3.

Comparison of Changes in the Main Outcome Scores Between the Two Groups (T1–T0)

Intervention Control
(n = 62) (n = 68)
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) p Value g LCL UCL
Attitude
 Total score 3.7 (4.5) 2.6 (4.0) .162 0.26 −0.11 0.63
 Tolerance 1.4 (2.0) 0.8 (2.2) .140 0.27 −0.09 0.62
 Refusal 1.2 (2.0) 0.7 (1.6) .132 0.27 −0.08 0.62
 Feeling of distance 0.6 (1.5) 0.8 (1.6) .510 −0.12 −0.46 0.23
 Affinity 0.5 (1.2) 0.4 (1.0) .634 0.08 −0.26 0.43
Intention of helping behavior 2.3 (2.4) 1.1 (2.5) .006 * 0.49 0.14 0.85
Knowledge −0.2 (1.3) 0.3 (1.1) .042 * −0.41 −0.80 −0.01

Notes: LCL = 95% lower confidence limit of corrected Hedge’s g; SD = standard deviation; UCL = 95% upper confidence limit of corrected Hedge’s g.

* p < .05. Effect sizes were calculated using Student’s t test by corrected Hedge’s g (small: from 0 to 0.17, moderate: from 0.18 to 0.43, large: from 0.44 to 0.84).