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. 2024 Oct 8;101(4):1167–1176. doi: 10.3233/JAD-240485

Table 2.

Results from mixed effects logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations for professional referral versus non-professional referral by racial and ethnic group, adjusted for age, gender, education, visit year, and CDR with a random effect for study site

All participants Mild cognitive impairment or dementia
(n = 35,792) and a global CDR or 0.5 or 1
(n = 17,476)
Racial-Ethnic Group Odds Ratio 95% CI p Odds Ratio 95% CI p
Hispanic 0.96 0.81–1.13 0.6065 0.93 0.80–1.09 0.3937
Non-Hispanic Asian 0.65 0.49–0.87 0.0035 0.73 0.57–0.95 0.0174
Non-Hispanic Black 0.61 0.44–0.86 0.0045 0.58 0.42–0.82 0.0015
Other race 1.44 0.65–3.20 0.3742 1.45 0.60–3.49 0.4122
Non-Hispanic White 1.00 reference –– 1.00 reference ––

Reference group = non-professional referral. CDR = clinical dementia rating scale, professional = referrals made by healthcare professionals, non-professional=self, family and friends. Other race = American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and remaining multi-racial participants who did not also identify as non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic Asian.