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. 2024 Oct 8;101(4):1167–1176. doi: 10.3233/JAD-240485

Table 3.

Results from mixed effects logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations for professional referral versus non-professional referral by racial and ethnic group in participants with an MRI scan. Adjusted for age, gender, education, visit year, and CDR with a random effect for study site

All participants Mild cognitive impairment or dementia
(n = 5,318) and a global CDR or 0.5 or 1
(n = 2,329)
Racial-Ethnic Group Odds Ratio 95% CI p Odds Ratio 95% CI p
Hispanic 0.84 0.68–1.04 0.1021 0.84 0.60–1.17 0.2973
Non-Hispanic Asian 1.05 0.57–1.93 0.8742 0.93 0.49–1.75 0.8206
Non-Hispanic Black 0.97 0.79–1.18 0.7376 0.82 0.51–1.34 0.4349
Other race 0.97 0.61–1.55 0.9067 1.40 0.62–3.15 0.4209
Non-Hispanic White 1.00 reference 1.00 reference

Reference group = non-professional referral. CDR = clinical dementia rating scale, professional = referrals made by healthcare professionals, non-professional=self, family and friends. Other race = American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and remaining multi-racial participants who did not also identify as non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic Asian.