Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of ELSA (Wave 4) and MAAS (Wave 0) participants by incident dementia status
| ELSA (n = 7, 587) | MAAS (n = 1,417) | |||||||
| Variable | Total | Dementia | No dementia | p | Total | Dementia | No dementia | p |
| (n = 7,587) | (n = 346) | (n = 7,241) | (n = 1,417) | (n = 120) | (n = 1,297) | |||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.9 (8.9) | 74.9 (7.9) | 65.4 (8.7) | <0.001 | 50.4 (15.8) | 66.5 (8.1) | 48.8 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 4,189 (55.2) | 212 (61.3) | 3,977 (54.9) | 0.020 | 680 (48.0) | 61 (50.8) | 619 (47.7) | 0.514 |
| Educational level, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 3,023 (39.9) | 191 (55.2) | 2,832 (39.1) | 478 (33.7) | 60 (50.0) | 418 (32.2) | ||
| Medium | 2,066 (27.2) | 77 (22.3) | 1,989 (27.4) | 599 (42.3) | 43 (35.8) | 556 (42.9) | ||
| High | 2,498 (33.0) | 78 (22.5) | 2,420 (33.4) | 340 (24.0) | 17 (14.2) | 323 (24.9) | ||
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 762 (10.0) | 58 (16.8) | 704 (9.7) | <0.001 | 53 (3.8) | 6 (5.0) | 47 (3.6) | 0.447 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 767 (10.1) | 70 (20.2) | 697 (9.6) | <0.001 | 148 (10.4) | 22 (18.3) | 126 (9.7) | 0.003 |
| aHigh physical activity, n (%) | 5,565 (73.4) | 181 (52.3) | 5,384 (74.4) | <0.001 | 874 (61.7) | 72 (60.0) | 802 (61.8) | 0.692 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 975 (12.9) | 33 (9.5) | 945 (13.0) | 0.059 | 394 (27.8) | 18 (15.0) | 376 (29.0) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,528 (33.3) | 156 (45.1) | 2,372 (32.8) | <0.001 | 403 (28.4) | 60 (50.0) | 343 (26.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 3,879 (51.1) | 130 (37.6) | 3,749 (51.8) | <0.001 | 138 (9.7) | 16 (13.3) | 122 (9.4) | 0.165 |
| bHigh alcohol intake, n (%) | 823 (10.9) | 22 (6.4) | 801 (11.1) | 0.006 | 545 (38.5) | 42 (35.0) | 503 (38.8) | 0.415 |
| Depression, n (%) | 1,504 (19.8) | 107 (30.6) | 1,398 (19.3) | <0.001 | 330 (23.3) | 37 (30.8) | 293 (22.6) | 0.041 |
| High cognitive activity, n (%) | 4,120 (54.3) | 95 (27.5) | 4,025 (55.6) | <0.001 | 451 (31.8) | 63 (52.5) | 388 (29.9) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 2,483 (32.8) | 106 (30.6) | 2,377 (32.8) | 0.396 | 246 (17.4) | 30 (25.0) | 216 (16.7) | 0.021 |
| Healthy diet, n (%) | 4,449 (58.6) | 188 (54.3) | 4,261 (58.9) | 0.096 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 52 (3.7) | 6 (5.0) | 46 (3.6) | 0.418 |
| Hearing impairment, n (%) | 1,451 (19.1) | 116 (33.5) | 1,335 (18.4) | <0.001 | 383 (27.0) | 66 (55.0) | 317 (24.4) | <0.001 |
| Low social contact, n (%) | 4,506 (59.4) | 234 (67.6) | 4,272 (59.0) | 0.001 | 617 (43.5) | 51 (42.5) | 566 (43.7) | 0.810 |
| Sleep disturbances, n (%) | 1,623 (21.4) | 68 (19.7) | 1,555 (21.5) | 0.419 | 433 (30.6) | 42 (35.0) | 391 (30.2) | 0.269 |
| LIBRA score, mean (SD) | –0.4 (3.2) | 1.2 (3.0) | –0.5 (3.2) | <0.001 | 0.7 (2.3) | 0.7 (2.2) | 0.6 (2.5) | 0.643 |
| LIBRA2 score, mean (SD) | 2.4 (4.7) | 4.6 (4.8) | 2.3 (4.7) | <0.001 | 3.2 (3.8) | 4.0 (3.9) | 3.1 (3.8) | 0.013 |
| Res-LIBRA score, mean (SD) | 29.7 (17.1) | 38.3 (16.0) | 29.3 (17.1) | <0.001 | 26.7 (12.2) | 26.1 (13.6) | 26.7 (12.1) | 0.609 |
| Res-LIBRA2 score, mean (SD) | 26.6 (14.8) | 33.6 (15.0) | 26.3 (14.7) | <0.001 | 25.4 (11.9) | 28.0 (12.3) | 25.1 (11.7) | 0.011 |
Data on chronic kidney disease and healthy diet were missing from ELSA and MAAS, respectively. An overview of how all factor were operationalized can be found in Supplementary Table 3. aThe risk factor physical inactivity (as originally included in LIBRA) was converted into a protective factor defined as high physical activity. bThe protective factor low-to-moderate alcohol consumption (as originally defined in LIBRA) was converted into a risk factor defined as high alcohol intake. ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; LIBRA, LIfestyle for BRAin health; LIBRA2, updated LIfestyle for BRAin health; MAAS, Maastricht Aging Study; Res-LIBRA, rescaled LIfestyle for BRAin health; RES-LIBRA2, rescaled and updated LIfestyle for BRAin health.