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. 2024 Oct 21;24:231. doi: 10.1186/s12894-024-01622-5

Table 2.

Perioperative variables

Variables Open
(N = 233)
Laparoscopy
(N = 415)
Robot
(N = 57)
p-value Missing data
N % N % N % N %
Tumor size 3 (1.08)
 Non-visible 1 (0.7) 3 (0.7) 3 (5.4) < 0.001*
 < 1 cm 2 (1.5) 7 (1.7) 1 (1.8)
 ≥ 1 & < 2 cm 10 (7.4) 64 (15.5) 8 (14.3)
 ≥ 2 & < 3 cm 17 (12.5) 87 (21.0) 14 (25.0)
 ≥ 3 cm 106 (77.9) 253 (61.1) 30 (53.6)
Cell Type
 urothelial 202 (86.7) 333 (80.2) 42 (73.7) 0.092
 adenocarcinoma 2 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
 squamous 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2) 0 (0.0)
 UC with variants 28 (12.0) 78 (18.8) 15 (26.3)
 others 1 (0.4) 3 (0.7) 0 (0.0)
Harvested LN number Mean ± SD 7.32 ± 11.3 5.63 ± 6.47 10.79 ± 11.36 0.009* 9 (3.23)
Multiplicity 8 (2.87)
 Not available 5 (2.2) 2 (0.5) 1 (1.9) 0.418
 No 135 (58.2) 243 (59.1) 31 (58.5)
 Yes 92 (39.7) 166 (40.4) 21 (39.6)
Tumor histology
 Low grade 25 (2.6) 24 (5.7) 1 (1.8) < 0.001*
 high grade 225 (97.4) 391 (94.3) 56 (98.2)
Carcinoma in situ
 No 214 (91.8) 340 (81.9) 42 (73.7) < 0.001*
 Yes 19 (8.2) 75 (18.1) 15 (26.3)
Lymphovascular invasion
 No 161 (69.1) 246 (59.3) 37 (64.9) 0.043*
 Yes 72 (30.9) 169 (40.7) 20 (35.1)
Surgical margin
 Free 219 (94.0) 382 (92.0) 54 (94.7) 0.557
 Positive 14 (6.0) 33 (8.0) 3 (5.3)
Tumor Necrosis 11 (3.94)
 No 192 (85.7) 311 (74.9) 42 (73.7) 0.005*
 Yes 32 (14.3) 104 (25.1) 15 (26.3)
Pathological stage
 stage III 177 (76.0) 355 (85.5) 44 (77.2) 0.007*
 stage IV 56 (24.0) 60 (14.5) 13 (22.8)
Pathological stage T
 pT3 185 (79.4) 380 (91.6) 49 (86.0) < 0.001*
 pT4 48 (20.6) 35 (8.4) 8 (14.0)
Pathological stage N
 pN0 34 (15.1) 98 (23.6) 25 (43.9) < 0.001*
 pN1 4 (1.8) 17 (4.1) 3 (5.3)
 pN2 9 (4.0) 16 (3.9) 5 (8.8)
 pNx 178 (79.1) 284 (68.4) 24 (42.1)
Clavien-Dindo classification 4 (1.43)
 No 166 (71.9) 272 (65.7) 33 (61.1) 0.039*
 Grade I 18 (7.8) 40 (9.7) 13 (24.1)
 Grade II 30 (13.0) 69 (16.7) 7 (13.0)
 Grade III 9 (3.9) 15 (3.6) 0 (0.0)
 Grade IV 3 (1.3) 11 (2.7) 0 (0.0)
 Grade V 5 (2.2) 7 (1.7) 1 (1.9)
Residual bladder-cuff
 No 68 (95.8) 132 (88.0) 32 (86.5) 0.045*
 Yes 3 (4.2) 18 (12.0) 5 (13.5)

LN: lymph node