Table 2.
Perioperative variables
| Variables | Open (N = 233) |
Laparoscopy (N = 415) |
Robot (N = 57) |
p-value | Missing data | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Tumor size | 3 | (1.08) | |||||||
| Non-visible | 1 | (0.7) | 3 | (0.7) | 3 | (5.4) | < 0.001* | ||
| < 1 cm | 2 | (1.5) | 7 | (1.7) | 1 | (1.8) | |||
| ≥ 1 & < 2 cm | 10 | (7.4) | 64 | (15.5) | 8 | (14.3) | |||
| ≥ 2 & < 3 cm | 17 | (12.5) | 87 | (21.0) | 14 | (25.0) | |||
| ≥ 3 cm | 106 | (77.9) | 253 | (61.1) | 30 | (53.6) | |||
| Cell Type | |||||||||
| urothelial | 202 | (86.7) | 333 | (80.2) | 42 | (73.7) | 0.092 | ||
| adenocarcinoma | 2 | (0.9) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | |||
| squamous | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.2) | 0 | (0.0) | |||
| UC with variants | 28 | (12.0) | 78 | (18.8) | 15 | (26.3) | |||
| others | 1 | (0.4) | 3 | (0.7) | 0 | (0.0) | |||
| Harvested LN number Mean ± SD | 7.32 ± 11.3 | 5.63 ± 6.47 | 10.79 ± 11.36 | 0.009* | 9 | (3.23) | |||
| Multiplicity | 8 | (2.87) | |||||||
| Not available | 5 | (2.2) | 2 | (0.5) | 1 | (1.9) | 0.418 | ||
| No | 135 | (58.2) | 243 | (59.1) | 31 | (58.5) | |||
| Yes | 92 | (39.7) | 166 | (40.4) | 21 | (39.6) | |||
| Tumor histology | |||||||||
| Low grade | 25 | (2.6) | 24 | (5.7) | 1 | (1.8) | < 0.001* | ||
| high grade | 225 | (97.4) | 391 | (94.3) | 56 | (98.2) | |||
| Carcinoma in situ | |||||||||
| No | 214 | (91.8) | 340 | (81.9) | 42 | (73.7) | < 0.001* | ||
| Yes | 19 | (8.2) | 75 | (18.1) | 15 | (26.3) | |||
| Lymphovascular invasion | |||||||||
| No | 161 | (69.1) | 246 | (59.3) | 37 | (64.9) | 0.043* | ||
| Yes | 72 | (30.9) | 169 | (40.7) | 20 | (35.1) | |||
| Surgical margin | |||||||||
| Free | 219 | (94.0) | 382 | (92.0) | 54 | (94.7) | 0.557 | ||
| Positive | 14 | (6.0) | 33 | (8.0) | 3 | (5.3) | |||
| Tumor Necrosis | 11 | (3.94) | |||||||
| No | 192 | (85.7) | 311 | (74.9) | 42 | (73.7) | 0.005* | ||
| Yes | 32 | (14.3) | 104 | (25.1) | 15 | (26.3) | |||
| Pathological stage | |||||||||
| stage III | 177 | (76.0) | 355 | (85.5) | 44 | (77.2) | 0.007* | ||
| stage IV | 56 | (24.0) | 60 | (14.5) | 13 | (22.8) | |||
| Pathological stage T | |||||||||
| pT3 | 185 | (79.4) | 380 | (91.6) | 49 | (86.0) | < 0.001* | ||
| pT4 | 48 | (20.6) | 35 | (8.4) | 8 | (14.0) | |||
| Pathological stage N | |||||||||
| pN0 | 34 | (15.1) | 98 | (23.6) | 25 | (43.9) | < 0.001* | ||
| pN1 | 4 | (1.8) | 17 | (4.1) | 3 | (5.3) | |||
| pN2 | 9 | (4.0) | 16 | (3.9) | 5 | (8.8) | |||
| pNx | 178 | (79.1) | 284 | (68.4) | 24 | (42.1) | |||
| Clavien-Dindo classification | 4 | (1.43) | |||||||
| No | 166 | (71.9) | 272 | (65.7) | 33 | (61.1) | 0.039* | ||
| Grade I | 18 | (7.8) | 40 | (9.7) | 13 | (24.1) | |||
| Grade II | 30 | (13.0) | 69 | (16.7) | 7 | (13.0) | |||
| Grade III | 9 | (3.9) | 15 | (3.6) | 0 | (0.0) | |||
| Grade IV | 3 | (1.3) | 11 | (2.7) | 0 | (0.0) | |||
| Grade V | 5 | (2.2) | 7 | (1.7) | 1 | (1.9) | |||
| Residual bladder-cuff | |||||||||
| No | 68 | (95.8) | 132 | (88.0) | 32 | (86.5) | 0.045* | ||
| Yes | 3 | (4.2) | 18 | (12.0) | 5 | (13.5) | |||
LN: lymph node