Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of individuals with baseline CAC > 0 (n = 2561), by quartiles of DIS and LIS; MESA cohort (2000–2012)
| DIS* | LIS* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 639) |
Q2 (n = 641) |
Q3 (n = 641) |
Q4 (n = 640) |
P Value | Q1 (n = 639) |
Q2 (n = 479) |
Q3 (n = 762) |
Q4 (n = 681) |
P Value | |
| Score range | -12.78, -1.48 | -1.5, 0.08 | 0.06, 1.57 | 1.52, 10.71 | - | -1.07, 0.05 | 0.09, 0.73 | 0.89, 1.31 | 1.39, 2.67 | - |
| Age (year) (mean, SD) | 67.0 (9.1) | 66.7 (9.4) | 65.4 (9.9) | 64.7 (9.3) | < 0.001 | 67.5 (9.6) | 66.3 (9.3) | 66.2 (9.2) | 63.9 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 59.6 | 59.6 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 1.00 | 61.3 | 70.6 | 60.1 | 49.8 | < 0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| White | 58.4 | 46.2 | 39.3 | 42.5 | 47.3 | 54.9 | 46.2 | 40.5 | ||
| Chinese | 8.8 | 13.4 | 17.5 | 8.1 | 27.1 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 1.9 | ||
| Black | 16.3 | 18.6 | 21.4 | 28.9 | 13.0 | 20.0 | 22.3 | 28.8 | ||
| Hispanics | 16.6 | 21.8 | 21.8 | 20.5 | 12.7 | 16.3 | 21.3 | 28.8 | ||
| Education (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Less than high school/ High school | 24.9 | 32.9 | 41.2 | 45.0 | 31.3 | 29.2 | 36.6 | 44.5 | ||
| Some college | 45.2 | 48.2 | 42.3 | 43.4 | 46.2 | 44.1 | 45.8 | 42.9 | ||
| Graduate degree or professional school | 29.9 | 18.9 | 16.5 | 11.6 | 22.5 | 26.7 | 17.6 | 12.6 | ||
| Current smoker (%) | 6.4 | 9.7 | 10.8 | 20.3 | < 0.001 | 2.3 | 16.9 | 4.9 | 24.8 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 15.5 | 17.2 | 21.2 | 16.9 | 21.6 | 13.8 | 18.2 | 16.2 | ||
| Former | 20.0 | 22.5 | 25.0 | 28.1 | 20.0 | 17.3 | 25.5 | 30.4 | ||
| Current | 64.5 | 60.4 | 53.8 | 55.0 | 58.4 | 68.9 | 56.3 | 53.5 | ||
| †Physical activity (MET.min/wk) (mean, SD) | 791.2 (1838.5) | 536.1 (1131.5) | 448.7 (1187.8) | 335.5 (966.6) | < 0.001 | 651.1 (1412.8) | 1161.1 (1972.5) | 437.7 (1088.3) | 67.3 (486.3) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 27.8 (4.7) | 27.9 (4.7) | 28.2 (5.2) | 29.2 (5.5) | < 0.001 | 23.1 (1.9) | 26.6 (2.6) | 29.3 (3.7) | 33.2 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) (mean, SD) | 128.6 (20.1) | 130.7 (21.9) | 131.1 (21.1) | 129.3 (21.6) | 0.123 | 127.1 (22.5) | 127.8 (19.7) | 131.4 (20.85) | 132.4 (21.0) | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) (mean, SD) | 71.8 (9.9) | 72.3 (10.4) | 73.5 (9.7) | 72.8 (10.3) | 0.021 | 71.1 (9.9) | 72.5 (9.5) | 73.3 (10.3) | 73.2 (10.3) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.005 | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 4.9 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.9) | 4.9 (0.8) | 5.1 (0.9) | 0.222 | 5.1 (0.9) | 4.9 (0.8) | 5.0 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.9) | 0.119 |
| FPG (mmol/L) (mean, SD) | 5.4 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.7) | 5.6 (1.7) | 5.5 (1.6) | 0.262 | 5.2 (1.7) | 5.3 (1.4) | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.9 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Positive family history of CHD (%) | 47.9 | 45.2 | 42.9 | 44.7 | 0.348 | 37.1 | 49.9 | 45.9 | 48.6 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 12.8 | 14.7 | 15.6 | 16.2 | 0.340 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 15.4 | 22.8 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 68.1 | 71.0 | 69.1 | 67.3 | 0.525 | 59.2 | 66.4 | 72.4 | 75.8 | < 0.001 |
| Lipid lowering medication (%) | 23.3 | 26.5 | 20.4 | 18.6 | 0.004 | 17.5 | 22.3 | 24.9 | 23.5 | 0.007 |
| Antihypertensive medications (%) | 45.2 | 48.0 | 42.0 | 44.5 | 0.182 | 33.2 | 43.4 | 48.3 | 53.3 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin or oral hypoglycemic medications (%) | 9.5 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 0.732 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 12.2 | 15.9 | < 0.001 |
| Anti-inflammatory drugs (%) | 48.8 | 46.8 | 40.7 | 40.5 | 0.003 | 39.3 | 43.0 | 45.4 | 48.3 | 0.009 |
| Energy (Kcal/day) (mean, SD) | 1544.2 (716.4) | 1409.5 (629.1) | 1388.4 (630.8) | 1822.5 (833.6) | < 0.001 | 1410.5 (637.3) | 1497.2 (654.7) | 1556.3 (742.2) | 1677.3 (812.1) | < 0.001 |
| Total protein (%Kcal/day) (mean, SD) | 16.8 (3.3) | 16.2 (3.12) | 15.8 (3.2) | 14.5 (2.9) | < 0.001 | 15.9 (3.2) | 15.7 (3.2) | 16.0 (3.2) | 15.6 (3.2) | 0.048 |
| Total carbohydrate (%Kcal/day) (mean, SD) | 55.1 (9.1) | 52.9 (8.7) | 52.8 (8.5) | 49.8 (8.4) | < 0.001 | 54.6 (8.4) | 52.1 (8.7) | 52.5 (9.0) | 51.3 (9.1) | < 0.001 |
| Total fat (%Kcal/day) (mean, SD) | 28.3 (6.7) | 30.3 (6.6) | 30.8 (6.3) | 34.8 (6.9) | < 0.001 | 29.3 (6.9) | 30.4 (6.9) | 31.5 (7.2) | 32.3 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
| Total calcium (mg/day) (mean, SD) | 1474.9 (5626.0) | 1151.3 (2127.1) | 893.3 (777.5) | 929.4 (733.9) | 0.002 | 1294.1 (5638.3) | 976.3 (876.5) | 1005.3 (733.1) | 1156.1 (2050.4) | 0.233 |
CAC: coronary artery calcification; DIS: dietary inflammation score; LIS: lifestyle inflammation score; MET: metabolic equivalent of task (METs); BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; CHD: coronary heart disease; SD: standard deviation; MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
*Participants were categorized into LIS and sex-specific DIS quartiles at baseline
†Conditioning physical activity such as walking, sports, dance, and conditioning (e.g. aerobics, bicycling, running, jogging, rowing, swimming, judo, karate)