Table 5.
Associations of the individual components of the LIS and the incidence and progression of CAC; MESA cohort (2000–2012)
| CAC Incidence n = 2638 |
CAC Progression n = 2561 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. cases | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | No. cases | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* | |
| Lifestyle factor | ||||
| Body mass index † | ||||
| Normal | 797 | Reference | 711 | |
| Overweight | 1017 | 1.20 (1.01–1.43) | 1046 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) |
| Obese | 824 | 1.38 (1.14–1.67) | 804 | 1.10 (0.94–1.27) |
| Physical activity level ‡ | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 591 | Reference | 1631 | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 1195 | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 67 | 0.76 (0.55–1.06) |
| Tertile 3 | 852 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 863 | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) |
| Alcohol use § | ||||
| Non-drinker | 2349 | Reference | 2170 | Reference |
| Moderate | 160 | 1.17 (0.90–1.51) | 235 | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) |
| Heavy | 129 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 156 | 0.87 (0.71–1.09) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 1469 | Reference | 1153 | Reference |
| Past smoker | 834 | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 1106 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) |
| Current smoker | 335 | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 302 | 1.38 (1.17–1.62) |
CAC: coronary artery calcification; DIS: dietary inflammation score; LIS: lifestyle inflammation score; MET: metabolic equivalent of task; BMI: body mass index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; CHD: coronary heart disease; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
*All lifestyle components were included in the Cox models and additionally included: age (continuous), sex, race ((White, Chinese, Black, Hispanic), education (less than high school/ high school, some college, graduate degree or professional school),
family history of CHD (yes/no), total energy intake (kcal/day), equally weighted DIS (continuous), HDL-C (continuous), TC (continuous), lipid-lowering medication (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no) and diabetes (yes/no)
† Normal BMI: 18.5–24.99 kg/m2; Overweight BMI: 25–29.99 kg/m2; Obese BMI: ≥ 30 kg/m2
‡ Physical activity was measured in MET and then ranked into tertiles.
§ Moderate drinker: 1 drink/wk for women, 1–2 drinks/wk for men; heavy drinker: > 1 drink/wk for women, > 2 drinks/wk drinks for men