Comparison 1. Gait, balance, co‐ordination, functional tasks exercise versus control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Timed Up & Go Test (s): lower values indicate better balance ability	4	114	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.82 [‐1.56, ‐0.08]
2 Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability	4		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Immediately post intervention	4	206	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.13 [0.26, 6.01]
2.2 Follow up @ 6 months post intervention	1	37	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.50 [‐3.43, 10.43]
3 Sensitivity analysis (cluster RCT removed): Single leg stance time eyes open (s): higher values indicate better balance ability	3	173	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.48 [‐0.65, 5.61]
4 Single leg stance time eyes closed (s): higher values indicate better balance ability	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
5 Gait speed: higher values indicate better balance ability	4		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Immediately post intervention	4	156	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.11, 0.75]
5.2 Follow‐up at 6 months post intervention	1	45	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.31 [‐0.28, 0.90]
6 Berg Balance Scale (score out of 56) higher values indicate better balance ability	4		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 Immediately post intervention	4	145	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.48 [2.01, 4.95]
6.2 Follow up at 4 weeks post intervention	1	77	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.60 [‐1.96, 9.16]
6.3 Follow up at 1 year post intervention	1	49	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [‐7.29, 8.63]
7 Functional Reach Test: higher values indicate better balance ability	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
8 Figure of eight test: time over 10 metres (s): lower values indicates better balance	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
9 Walking on a beam (m): higher values indicate better balance ability	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
10 4 Test Balance Scale: lower score indicates better balance	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
11 Mediolateral stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
12 AP stability during stance (quiet and dynamic) eyes open: lower values indicate better balance ability	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
13 Maxium excursion of limits of stability (LOS) test: higher values indicate better balance ability	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
13.1 Forward	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.2 Backward	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.3 Right	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.4 Left	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.5 composite score %	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14 Functional base of support during dynamic test (distance): higher values indicate greater balance ability	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
14.1 Immediately post intervention	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.2 Follow‐up at 6 months post intervention	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15 SOT composite score: higher scores indicate better balance	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
16 Loss of balance during sensory organisation test (errors): less errors indicate better balance ability	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
16.1 Immediately post intervention	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.2 Follow‐up at 6 months post intervention	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17 Physical performance score: higher score indicates better balance	1	154	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.41, 0.23]