Cress 1999.

Methods	Type of study: RCT.
Participants	Number of participants randomised: 56 Losses: 7 of 56 (7 dropped out of exercise, 0 dropped out of control) Age: Exercise group: 75.6 (3.6), Control group 76 (5.1) Sex: not stated Health status as defined by authors: healthy Residential status of participants: independently living in community Setting: USA. Inclusion: 70 years and above, good health, living in retirement community or apartment. Exclusion: unstable cardiovascular or metabolic disease, recent unhealed fractures, other disorders, life expectancy less than 1 year, excessive alcohol, non English speaking.
Interventions	EXERCISE GROUP (MULTIPLE): combined endurance and resistance. CONTROL GROUP: no exercising. Duration and intensity: 1 hour x 3 per week for 6 months. Supervisor: not stated. Supervision: group. Setting: community.
Outcomes	Usual walking speed (m/s). Time on 9 m beam (s). FRT (cm). Compliance/Adherence: not reported Adverse events: not reported
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Intention‐to‐treat analysis.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	all initial intended outcomes reported on
Other bias	Low risk	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Blinding (participant)	High risk	Not possible
Blinding (assessor)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Were the treatment and control group comparable at entry?	Low risk	No differences reported on baseline characteristics with a potential to influence the effect of the intervention
Was the surveillance active, and of clinically appropriate duration (i.e. at least 3 months post intervention)?	High risk	Only immediately post intervention data, no follow‐up data reported.