Gaub 2003.
| Methods | Type of study: RCT | |
| Participants | Number of participants randomised: 80 to 4 groups Losses: not stated N = 75 Age: average 85, range 77 to 102 Sex: 80% women Health status as defined by authors: frail Residential status of participants: community dwelling Setting: USA Inclusion: score 30 or less on modified physical performance test Exclusion:not stated |
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| Interventions | EXERCISE GROUP (STRENGTH): with machines for upper and lower limbs; EXERCISE GROUP: (GPA‐WALKING) 20 to 25 mins at 80% estimated HR max or PRE 7‐8/10 EXERCISE GROUP (GBFT): flexibility standing and sitting, floor, static and dynamic balance, variable surfaces, eyes open/closed, ball toss/kick, punch bag. CONTROL GROUP: usual activity (3 month wait). Duration and intensity: 36 sessions Supervisor: not stated Supervision: group Setting: wellness centre |
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| Outcomes | Berg Balance Scale (0 to 56 points) 15 m preferred and fast gait speed (s) Compliance/adherence:not stated Adverse events: not reported |
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| Notes | Other comments: only abstract and platform presentation papers available. Data not reported appropriately for analysis purposes. | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusions to permit judgement |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Other bias | Low risk | The study appears to be free of other sources of bias |
| Blinding (participant) | High risk | Not possible |
| Blinding (assessor) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Were the treatment and control group comparable at entry? | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Was the surveillance active, and of clinically appropriate duration (i.e. at least 3 months post intervention)? | Low risk | 3 and 6 month follow‐up |