Henwood 2006.
| Methods | Type of study: RCT | |
| Participants | Number of participants randomised: 67 Losses: drop outs described HV = 2; CT = 2; CO = 2; CB = 1. Were not different from other subjects and dropped out for a variety of reasons. Age: 65 to 84 years: HV 70.7+5.5; CT 70.2+5.0; CO 69.1+3.6; CB 69.3+4.1; Sex: HV N = 23; men = 9; women = 14; CT N = 22; men = 11; women = 11; CO N = 22; men = 10; women = 12 Health status defined by authors: healthy Residential status of participants: independent living ‐ community Setting: Australia Inclusion: not reported Exclusion: acute or terminal illness; moderator severe cognitive impairment; unstable or ongoing cardiovascular/respiratory disorder; neurological or musculoskeletal disease or impairment; resistance training experience within the previous 12 months; inability to commit to a period of time equivalent to the duration of the study |
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| Interventions | EXERCISE GROUP (STRENGTH): High‐velocity, varied‐resistance training and gym based functional training (HV) = (n = 23); Twice weekly for 8 weeks EXERCISE GROUP (STRENGTH): Slow to moderate‐velocity constant‐resistance training (CT) = (N = 22).Twice weekly for 8 weeks CONTROL GROUP (n = 22): no training The resistance training consisted of 6 exercises using resistance equipment : chest press; supported row; biceps curl; leg press; leg curl; leg extension. 10 min warm up ; exercise and then cool down. All exercise groups started with 2 weeks of conditioning then 6 weeks of training; 2 weeks conditioning 8 reps x 3 of each exercise; training = 10 reps x 3 of each exercise. HV and CT did same reps but HV performed concentric part explosively and 3 s eccentric e.g. as fast as possible; while CT did 3 s concentric and 3 s eccentric. Exercise group (CB): Combined high‐velocity varied‐resistance and once weekly gym‐based functional training (CB) = 15. Once weekly for 8 weeks. CB : combined resistance and functional training N = 15.This group was the control group who after exiting the study were invited to take part in this phase, accounting for fewer subjects. This group were then compared to the other randomised groups and therefore not strictly randomised and definitely unblended. This group did functional strength training: fit ball squats; chair rise to standing; stair climb; calf raises; chair dips; lateral shoulder exercise. 3 x 10 reps. Duration and intensity: 8 weeks for HV and CT; CO = 24 weeks. The 8 weeks programme for HV and CT = 2 visits of approximately 1 hour. Supervisor: exercise instructor Supervision: group exercise of up to 6 persons Setting: gymnasium |
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| Outcomes | 6 metre usual, fast and backward walk (s) Chair rise to standing (s) Floor rise to standing (s) Functional reach (cm) Timed stair climb (s) (Above are reported as Functional Performance measures) Compliance/adherence:all subjects completed 16 training sessions within a 9 week period. Adverse events: not reported |
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| Notes | 2 intervention groups both classified as strength training however one focused on power and the other on strength therefore the latter data was used in analysis | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to permit judgement |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusions to permit judgement |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | All outcomes appear to be reported |
| Other bias | High risk | Control group became one of intervention groups |
| Blinding (participant) | High risk | Not possible |
| Blinding (assessor) | Unclear risk | Not mentioned nor was the identity of the assessor |
| Were the treatment and control group comparable at entry? | Low risk | No differences reported on baseline characteristics with a potential to influence the effect of the intervention |
| Was the surveillance active, and of clinically appropriate duration (i.e. at least 3 months post intervention)? | High risk | Only immediately post intervention data, no follow‐up data reported |