Iwamoto 2009.

Methods	Type of study: RCT
Participants	Number of participants randomised: 68 Losses: 1 in control group Age: 76.4 years (range, 66 to 88 years). Sex: seven men and 61 women Residential status of participants: community dwelling Health status as defined by authors: frail Setting: Japan Inclusion: age of more than 50 years, fully ambulatory, and being able to measure parameters. Exclusion:severe gait disturbance with some aids, severe round back due to osteoporotic vertebral fractures, acute phase of diseases, and severe cardiovascular disease.
Interventions	EXERCISE GROUP (MULTIPLE) (n = 34):callisthenics, body balance training, muscle power training, and walking ability training CONTROL GROUP (n = 34): usual activities Duration and intensity: 30 minutes, 3 x week for 5 months Supervisor: not reported Supervision: group Setting: hospital clinic
Outcomes	Single leg stance (s) Tandem gait (steps) Tandem standing time (s) TUG (s) 10m walk time (s) Compliance/adherence: 100% in exercise group Adverse events: Four participants in the control group experienced one fall each during the 5 months intervention period. Of four falls, one was due to a stumble of the toe, and three were caused by lurches. There were no multiple fallers during the 5 months intervention period. No serious adverse events, such as severe fall‐related injuries or adverse cardiovascular effects, were observed.
Notes	Data not reported appropriately for analysis purposes. Data only presented graphically
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomisation mentioned but Insufficient information to permit judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Intention‐to‐treat analysis undertaken
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Other bias	Low risk	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Blinding (participant)	High risk	Not possible
Blinding (assessor)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Were the treatment and control group comparable at entry?	High risk	Significant age difference between groups
Was the surveillance active, and of clinically appropriate duration (i.e. at least 3 months post intervention)?	High risk	Only immediately post intervention data, no follow‐up data reported.