MacRae 1994.

Methods	Type of Study: cluster RCT (exercise = 4 clusters, attention control = 4 clusters).
Participants	Number of participants randomised: 80 Losses: 14 from exercise group and 7 from control group N = 80 Age: exercise group ‐ mean 72.4, control group ‐ mean 70. Sex: females Health Status defined by authors: mixed healthy and frail Residential Status of participants: Community Setting: USA Inclusion: medical clearance, 60 years plus attending a senior centre. Exclusion: physicians advice.
Interventions	EXERCISE GROUP (MULTIPLE): (n = 42) stand up/step up routine designed to improve strength and balance with warm up and cool down. CONTROL GROUP: (n = 38) attention control group Duration and intensity: exercise group ‐ 1 hour sessions 3 days a week for 12 months, control group ‐ one hour weekly for 12 months. Supervisor: exercise instructor Supervision: group Setting: gym
Outcomes	Single legged stance (s) Self paced gait velocity (m/s) Compliance/adherence : not reported Adverse events: not reported
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised by senior centre but method of randomisation not stated
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Yes adequately concealed
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not addressed
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient reporting to permit judgement
Other bias	High risk	Failure to adjust for clustering
Blinding (participant)	High risk	Not possible
Blinding (assessor)	Low risk	Assessors blinded
Were the treatment and control group comparable at entry?	High risk	Significant differences, control better balance and ankle strength.
Was the surveillance active, and of clinically appropriate duration (i.e. at least 3 months post intervention)?	High risk	Only immediately post intervention data, no follow‐up data reported