Okumiya 1996.

Methods	Type of study: RCT.
Participants	Number of participants randomised: 42 Losses: none N = 42 Age: 75 to 87 years, mean 79 Sex: 18 males, 24 females. Health Status defined by authors: healthy Residential Status of participants: Community Setting: Japan. Inclusion: 75 years and over. Exclusion: evidence of coronary artery disease or severe obstructive airways.
Interventions	EXERCISE GROUP (MULTIPLE): (N = 21) warm up, light aerobic exercise, exercises aimed at improving neuromotor co‐ordination, and muscle‐strengthening exercises, cool down. CONTROL GROUP: (N = 21) usual activity. Duration and intensity: exercise group ‐ 60 minute session twice a week for 24 weeks. Supervisor: one physical educator, one medical doctor, and 5 nurses. Supervision: group Setting: community
Outcomes	TUG (s) Functional Reach Test (cm) Compliance/adherence: mean 86% (59 to 100%) Adverse events: not reported
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear, insufficient reporting to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Withdrawals described, analysis not possible
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Main outcomes measures adequately reported
Other bias	Low risk	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias
Blinding (participant)	High risk	Not possible
Blinding (assessor)	Low risk	Assessors blinded
Were the treatment and control group comparable at entry?	Low risk	No differences reported on baseline characteristics with a potential to influence the effect of the intervention
Was the surveillance active, and of clinically appropriate duration (i.e. at least 3 months post intervention)?	High risk	Only immediately post intervention data, no follow‐up data reported