Table 1. Details of studies that evaluated polymorphisms in VL-associated cytokine genes.
| References | Country | Species of protozoan | Genotyping method | SNP location | Outcome | Polymorphism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moravejet al. [14] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Exon | Associated [Susceptibility (-511CC genotype and CC haplotype (-511/+3953) and resistance (-511 TT genotype) and tde TT haplotype (-511/+3953)] | +3953 (IL-1β) |
| Promoter | − 511 (IL-1β) | |||||
| Ahmadiet al. [15] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | 3'UTR | Associated (risk) | rs1126647 (IL-8) |
| Hajilooiet al. [16] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | AS-PCR | Promoter | Associated | rs4073 (IL-8) |
| Fradeet al. [17] | Brazil | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Not associated | rs4073 (IL-8) |
| Fradeet al. [17] | Brazil | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated [susceptibility (-509 T allele)] | rs1800469 (TGFB1) |
| Exon | rs1800470 (TGFB1) | |||||
| Kalaniet al. [18] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | 3' UTR | Not associated | +1188 (IL-12) |
| Kalaniet al. [18] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | AS-PCR | Intron | Associated [susceptibility (AT genotype) and resistance (TT resistance)] | rs2430561 (IFN-γ) |
| Kalaniet al. [18] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Not associated | rs1800872 (IL-10) |
| rs1800871 IL-10) | ||||||
| rs1800896 (IL-10) | ||||||
| Zahra’a et al. [19] | Iraq | Leishmania infantum | Cytokine CTS-PCR-SSP Tray Kit | Promoter | Not associated | rs3212227 (IL-12B) |
| Rasouli et al. [20] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Exon | Associated (Risk) | 13.687 (IL-15) |
| Intron | Not associated | 367 (IL-15) | ||||
| Associated (Risk) | 267 (IL-15) | |||||
| 3' UTR | Not associated | 14,035 (IL-15) | ||||
| Kumar et al. [21] | India | Leishmania donovani | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated [protective (G allele)] | rs1946519 (IL-18) |
| Not associated | rs187238(IL-18) | |||||
| Codon region | Not associated | rs549908 (IL-18) | ||||
| Moravej et al [22] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Not associated | rs187238(IL-18) |
| Codon region | rs549908 (IL-18) | |||||
| Ahmadpour et al. [23] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | Promoter | Associated [resistance (CC genotype)] | rs1946518 (IL-18) |
| Not associated | rs187238(IL-18) | |||||
| Babaloo et al. [24] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | Promoter | Not associated | rs2227473 (IL-22) |
| Kalani et al. [25] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Intron | Not associated | rs2227501 (IL-22) |
| Intron | Associated (susceptibility AG genotype) | rs2227513 (IL-22) | ||||
| 3' UTR | Associated [allele A and the AA can be considered as a protective factor against the development] | rs1026786 (IL-22) | ||||
| Karplus et al. [26] | Brazil | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated | -307 (TNF) |
| Ejghal et al. [27] | Morocco | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Not associated | rs1800629 (TNF-α) |
| Intron | Not associated | rs361525 (TNF-β) | ||||
| Ortiz-Flores et al. [28] | Mexico | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Not associated | -308(TNF) |
| Not associated | -238(TNF) | |||||
| Maghsood et al. [29] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | Intron | Not associated | rs2430561 (IFN-γ) |
| Al-Bashier [30] | Iraq | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | Intron | Associated [risk factor (allele A)] | rs2430561 (IFN-γ) |
| Al-Bashier [30] | Iraq | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | Promoter | Not associated | rs1800896 (IL-10) |
| Mishra et al. [31] | India | Leishmania donovani | PCR-Sequencing | Promoter | Not associated | rs2243250(IL-4) |
| rs2070874(IL-4) | ||||||
| Intron | rs79071878 (IL-4) | |||||
| Mohamed et al. [32] | Sudan | Leishmania donovani | PCR-Sequencing | Intron | Associated | IL4RP2 |
| IL4RP1 | ||||||
| Jerônimo et al. [33] | Brazil | Leishmania infantum | TaqMan SNP genotyping | Promoter | Associated | rs2070874 (IL-4) |
| Hajilooi et al. [34] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated [Risk factor (C/T)] | rs1800871 (IL-10) |
| Ahmed et al. [35] | Iraq | Leishmania infantum | Cytokine CTS-PCR-SSP Tray Kit | Promoter | Not associated | rs1800896 (IL-10) |
| rs1800871 (IL-10 | ||||||
| rs1800872 (IL-10) | ||||||
| Hajilooi et al. [36] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated 472. [Risk factor (A/G)] | rs1800896 (IL-10) |
| Mishra et al. [37] | India | Leishmania donovani | PCR-Sequencing | Intron | Associated (risk-reducing G allele and the AG and GG genotypes related to protection) | rs1518111(IL-10) |
| Intron | rs1554286 (IL-10) | |||||
| 3'UTR | rs3024496 (IL-10) | |||||
| 3'UTR | rs3024498 (IL-10) | |||||
| Hamidi et al. [38] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | Promoter | Associated [susceptibility (-509 T allele)] | rs1800469 (TGFB1) |
| Rasouli et al. [39] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated (resistance) | rs3819024 (IL-17-A) |
| Intron | Associated (resistance) | rs3819025 (IL-17A) | ||||
| Intron | Associated (resistance) | rs8193038 (IL-17A) | ||||
| 3’UTR | Associated [susceptibility (AA genotype and A allele)] | rs3748067 (IL-17A) | ||||
| Khatonier et al. [40] | India | Leishmania donovani | PCR-RFLP | Promoter | Associated [susceptibility (rs8193036TT genotype and the T allele)] | rs2275913 (IL-17A) |
| rs8193036 (IL-17A) | ||||||
| Sadighi et al. [41] | Iran | Leishmania infantum | ARMS-PCR | 3’UTR | Not associated | rs1974226 (IL-17A) |
AS-PCR: allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, ARMS-PCR: amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction, PCR-RFLP: polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.