Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and clinical factors between the three groups created based on the changes in the MoCA scores
| Characteristic | NCCF group (48 patients, 46.6%) | PNCD group (37 patients, 35.92%) | POCI group (18 patients, 17.47%) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y, mean, SD) | 69.29 | 7.64 | 71.31 | 6.76 | 72 | 6.49 | 0.274 |
| Male (N, %) | 33 | 68.80 | 14 | 37.83 | 12 | 66.66 | 0.011 |
| Vascular POSSUM (median, IQR) | 18 | 15.25–21 | 19 | 17–23 | 18 | 16–22.25 | 0.344 |
| BMI (median, IQR) | 27.61 | 24–30.46 | 28.39 | 26.67–30.54 | 28.5 | 26.07–29.75 | 0.622 |
| Smoker (N, %) | 18 | 37.5 | 11 | 29.72 | 2 | 11.11 | 0.114 |
| Alcohol (N, %) | 7 | 14.58 | 2 | 5.4 | 3 | 16.66 | 0.326 |
| Hypertension (N, %) | 44 | 91.66 | 34 | 91.89 | 17 | 94.44 | 0.928 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean, SD) | 145.95 | 21.47 | 147.13 | 24.52 | 148.53 | 19.41 | 0.924 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean, SD) | 78.52 | 12.87 | 80.63 | 13.87 | 84 | 9.16 | 0.205 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg, mean, SD) | 101 | 13.48 | 102.80 | 15.87 | 105.51 | 11.54 | 0.563 |
| Ischemic heart disease (N, %) | 17 | 35.41 | 12 | 32.43 | 5 | 27.77 | 0.838 |
| Previous stroke (N, %) | 11 | 22.91 | 8 | 21.62 | 4 | 22.22 | 0.99 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 (N, %) | 3 | 6.25 | 4 | 10.81 | 2 | 11.11 | 0.336 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 (N, %) | 13 | 27.08 | 13 | 35.13 | 1 | 5.55 | 0.041 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 + type 2 (N, %) | 16 | 33.33 | 17 | 45.94 | 3 | 16.66 | 0.097 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease (N, %) | 10 | 20.83 | 8 | 21.62 | 2 | 11.11 | 0.616 |
| Hyperlipidemia (N, %) | 22 | 45.83 | 22 | 59.45 | 9 | 50 | 0.456 |
| Cholesterol level (mmol/l, median, IQR) | 4.2 | 3.45–5.15 | 4.25 | 3.5–5.27 | 4.4 | 3.75–5.65 | 0.864 |
| Triglyceride level (mmol/l, median, IQR) | 1.48 | 1.13–2.09 | 1.42 | 1.06–1.91 | 1.77 | 0.86–2.32 | 0.907 |
| HDL cholesterol level (mmol/l, median, IQR) | 1.21 | 1.07–1.72 | 1.27 | 1.12–1.52 | 1.24 | 1.15–1.30 | 0.944 |
| LDL cholesterol level (mmol/l, median, IQR) | 2.01 | 1.78–3.02 | 2.10 | 1.64–3.14 | 2.46 | 2.05–2.92 | 0.768 |
| Statin use (N, %) | 28 | 58.33 | 22 | 59.45 | 11 | 61.11 | 0.839 |
| Thyroid dysfunction (N, %) | 9 | 18.75 | 6 | 16.21 | 1 | 5.55 | 0.415 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (N, %) | 6 | 12.5 | 10 | 27.02 | 6 | 33.33 | 0.106 |
| Operated side (LEFT) (N, %) | 22 | 45.83 | 21 | 56.75 | 7 | 38.88 | 0.404 |
| Degree of ICA stenosis (median, IQR) | 80 | 80–90 | 80 | 80–90 | 80 | 80–90 | 0.985 |
| Degree of the contralateral ICA stenosis(median, IQR) | 40 | 40–67.5 | 40 | 10–60 | 42.5 | 0–70 | 0.968 |
| Anatomy of CoW (complete, N, %) | 18 | 37.5 | 8 | 21.62 | 6 | 33.33 | 0.224 |
| Shunt use (N, %) | 11 | 22.91 | 14 | 37.83 | 4 | 22.22 | 0.262 |
| Time of the shunted period (sec, median, IQR) | 34 | 25–40 | 30.5 | 22.5–38 | 37.5 | 29.25–47.25 | 0.405 |
| Time of the clamping period (sec, median, IQR) | 24 | 16–32.5 | 30 | 23–35 | 23 | 16.75–26.25 | 0.606 |
| Median of the preclamp. rSO2 values (%, median, IQR) | 72 | 62.25–77 | 68 | 61–75.5 | 69.75 | 62.62–80 | 0.19 |
| Lowest rSO2 values during clamping period (%, median, IQR) | 62.5 | 56–69 | 51 | 42–58.5 | 62.5 | 57.75–70.25 | 0.001 |
| Median of the degree of desaturation (%, median, IQR) | 12.41 | 7.47–16.13 | 25 | 17.24–29.33 | 11.39 | 8.25–14.44 | 0.001 |
| Mean of MAP during clamping period (mean, SD) | 88.12 | 10.65 | 87.73 | 9.83 | 85.61 | 8.09 | 0.655 |
| Vasopressor use during the clamping period (N, %) | 35 | 72.91 | 25 | 67.56 | 13 | 72.2 | 0.857 |
| State Entropy median (median, IQR) | 48.25 | 44–53.75 | 48 | 43–56.25 | 47 | 42–57.25 | 0.901 |
| Response Entropy median (median, IQR) | 50.25 | 47–56 | 50.50 | 46.75–58.5 | 52 | 45.37–59.12 | 0.904 |
| Education (y, median, IQR) | 12 | 11–15.75 | 12 | 11–15 | 11.5 | 11–14.5 | 0.742 |
| MMSE test scores preoperatively (median, IQR) | 29 | 27.25–30 | 29 | 27–29 | 28 | 26.75–29 | 0.143 |
| MoCA test scores preoperatively (median, IQR) | 28 | 26–29 | 28 | 27–29 | 25.5 | 22.75–26.25 | 0.001 |
| Median time spent below 15.5% rSO2 reduction calculated from the baseline (median, IQR) | 0 | 0–58.5 | 570 | 137–1214 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.001 |
| Type of surgery (EEA, N, %) | 37 | 77.08 | 23 | 62.16 | 14 | 77.77 | 0.219 |
BMI body mass index, CoW circle of Willis, EEA eversion endarterectomy, HDL cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ICA internal carotid artery, IQR interquartile range, LDL cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MAP mean arterial pressure, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NCCF group patients with no change in postoperative cognitive status proven by the MoCA, PNCD group patients with postoperative cognitive decline confirmed by the MoCA, POCI group patients with postoperative cognitive improvement confirmed by the MoCA rSO2: regional oxygen saturation, SD standard deviation, Vascular POSSUM Vascular-Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity