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. 2024 Oct 22;15:9091. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53226-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic illustration of the experimental set-up for the intermittent evolution campaign of DNA self-replicators. b Trajectories of mod-ori-p2p3 concentrations in liposomes in the intermittent evolutionary campaign, Int-WT(1). DNA was quantified by qPCR using primers that target a region in the p2 gene. c Comparison of in-liposome IVTTR in WT and pooled DNA population from Int-WT(1) at evolution round 11 (R11). Data are presented as mean (bar height) ± standard deviation values from three to six biological replicates. *P < 0.05. d Size analysis of IVTTR and PCR-amplified DNA during Int-WT(1) by agarose gel electrophoresis. e Trajectories of mod-ori-p2p3 concentrations in liposomes in the intermittent evolutionary campaign, Int-WT(2). f Trajectories of mod-ori-p2(F62Y)p3 concentrations in liposomes in the intermittent evolutionary campaign, Int-Mut. The last three evolution rounds, where IVTTR incubation time was reduced from 16 to 4 h, are highlighted with a blue dashed line. g DNA amplification trajectories of all three evolutionary campaigns. The arrows indicate the evolution round at which the replication ability improved. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.