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. 2024 Oct 21;15:9078. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53316-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A The Multetta catchment is located in the Eastern Swiss Alps and (B) characterized by a main and a small secondary fan. The headwaters can be subdivided into four units, of which only unit 2 is directly connected to the fan. C This unit, known as Vallun da Piz Daint (reaching an elevation of up to 2968 m asl, red triangle) can be subdivided into 9 subunits, most of which consist of bedrock from which limited sediment is supplied to the debris-flow system through freeze-thaw weathering. D On the main fan, a multi-centennial Swiss mountain pine (Pinus mugo ssp. rotundata) stand is regularly affected by debris flows. A total of 478 trees (colored dots) have been sampled here for dendrogeomorphic analyses along 4 transects. E Growth disturbances in Swiss mountain pine include growth reductions as well as the formation of callus tissue and compression wood after debris-flow impact; these changes in growth can be used to date events retrospectively with annual precision.