Table 2.
Observed Health Utilization Outcomes of Pregnant Persons Within 1 Year Before and 1 Year After Delivery by Prenatal Blood Cotinine Levels and Children in First Year of Age by Pregnant Person’s Blood Cotinine Levels
| Variable | ALL (n = 1045) | Persons who never/formerly smoke <1 ng/mL (n = 643) |
SHS 1–3 ng/mL (n = 170) |
Persons who actively smoke >3 ng/mL (n = 232) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #Pregnant persons with no health records (%) |
8 (0.77%) | 5 (0.78%) | 2 (1.18%) | .62 | 1 (0.43%) | .58 |
| mean(std) | p-value | p-value | ||||
| #ED visits | 2.51 (3.86) | 1.63 (2.72) | 2.77 (3.35) | <.001 | 4.77 (5.57) | <.001 |
| Hours in ED | 5.00 (13.18) | 3.04 (10.35) | 6.08 (15.35) | .02 | 9.64 (16.78) | <.001 |
| #IP stays | 0.65 (0.55) | 0.67 (0.51) | 0.56 (0.59) | .02 | 0.67 (0.59) | .95 |
| Days IP | 1.84 (2.06) | 1.86 (2.04) | 1.60 (1.77) | .10 | 1.96 (2.30) | .57 |
| Hours in ICU | 0.10 (1.95) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | NA | 0.45 (4.12) | .10 |
| #ICU stays | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.00) | .32 | 0.02 (0.15) | .04 |
| #OP visits | 25.39 (15.24) | 26.26 (15.14) | 24.46 (16.00) | .19 | 23.67 (14.84) | .024 |
| N(%) | ||||||
| #Had ED visit | 638 (61.05%) | 327 (50.86%) | 117 (68.82%) | <.001 | 194 (83.62%) | <.001 |
| #Had IP visit | 644 (61.63%) | 416 (64.70%) | 86 (50.59%) | <.001 | 142 (61.21%) | .31 |
| #Admitted to ICU | 6 (0.57%) | 1 (0.16%) | 0 (0.00%) | .61 | 5 (2.16%) | .002 |
| #Had OP visit | 1037 (99.23%) | 638 (99.22%) | 168 (98.82%) | .62 | 231 (99.57%) | .58 |
| #Children with no health records (%) | 49 (4.69%) | 28 (4.35%) | 14 (8.24%) |
0.0421
|
7 (3.02%) | 0.3729 |
| mean(std) | p-value | p-value | ||||
| #ED visits | 0.65 (1.30) | 0.46 (1.02) | 0.72 (1.28) | .02 | 1.14 (1.77) | <.001 |
| Hours in ED | 1.48 (4.39) | 1.06 (3.49) | 1.72 (3.73) | .04 | 2.45 (6.40) | <.001 |
| #IP stays | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.02 (0.17) | 1.03 (0.21) | .43 | 1.04 (0.20) | .13 |
| Days IP | 3.91 (9.92) | 3.49 (9.48) | 5.41 (14.14) | .11 | 4.02 (7.12) | .39 |
| Hours in ICU | 10.44 (109.84) | 6.73 (91.12) | 24.33 (192.20) | .27 | 10.96 (71.42) | .48 |
| #ICU stays | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.03 (0.19) | 0.07 (0.26) | .10 | 0.09 (0.37) | .03 |
| #OP visits | 8.18 (7.34) | 8.05 (7.34) | 7.83 (6.92) | .74 | 8.76 (7.62) | .22 |
| N(%) | ||||||
| #Had ED visit | 327 (31.29%) | 154 (23.95%) | 58 (34.12%) | .002 | 115 (49.57%) | <.001 |
| #Had IP visit | 992 (94.93%) | 612 (95.18%) | 155 (91.18%) | .81 | 225 (96.98%) | .29 |
| #Admitted to ICU | 46 (4.40%) | 20 (3.11%) | 11 (6.47%) | .03 | 15 (6.47%) | .03 |
| #Had OP visit | 767 (73.40%) | 467 (72.63%) | 118 (69.41%) | .94 | 182 (78.45%) | .13 |
p-values: t-test for differences in mean of continuous outcomes, and overall chi-square tests for categorical binary outcomes compared to persons who never/formerly smoke. Bold and italicized values indicate statistical significance. SHS = secondhand smoke; ED = emergency department; IP = inpatient; ICU = intensive care unit; OP = outpatient.