Table 2.
Main results of linear mixed model analyses (factor group and visits) for different cognitive outcomes
| Outcome | Memory | Executive function | Attention | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STM (DS-for.) | Learning (words) | Recognition | Flexibility (TMT-B) | Word fluency (RWT) | WM (DS-back) | TMT-A | ||||||||||||||||
| Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | Mean diff. (SEM) | 95%CI | |||||||||
| Data pts tot | 75 | 76 | 74 | 66 | 72 | 75 | 70 | |||||||||||||||
| Group (n-Cov = 0) | − 2.3 (2.5) | − 7.4, 2.7 | 1.0 (2.3) | − 3.5, 5.6 | 1.1 (2.5) | − 3.9, 6.1 | − 0.1 (3.0) | − 6.1, 5.9 | 0.2 (1.2) | − 2.2, 2.7 | − 2.8 (2.2) | − 7.2, 1.7 | 1.3 (2.7) | − 4.1, 6.8 | ||||||||
| Visit (visit 3 = 0) | − 2.5 (2.8) | − 8.1, 3.1 | − 2.1 (2.9) | − 8.0, 3.8 | 2.0 (2.9) | − 3.8, 7.8 | − 5.5 (3.4) | − 12.4, 1.5 | − 1.3 (1.3) | − 4.0, 1.4 | − 2.2 (2.7) | − 7.1, 2.8 | − 7.5 (2.8) | − 13.1, − 2.0 | ||||||||
| Group x visit | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | |||||||||||||||
| COV—n-COV | Visit 1 | 28 | − 1.0 (4.0) | − 9.2, 7.1 | 29 | 2.9 (3.7) | − 4.7, 10.6 | 28 | 1.5 (4.3) | − 7.3, 10.4 | 25 | 1.7 (3.8) | − 6.3, 9.6 | 28 | 1.5 (2.0) | − 2.6, 5.5 | 28 | 0.3 (3.0) | − 5.9, 6.4 | 27 | − 2.0 (3.6) | − 9.5, 5.5 |
| Visit 2 | 20 | − 4.6 (5.2) | − 15.5, 6.3 | 20 | 0.3 (3.6) | − 7.3, 7.9 | 19 | − 2.1 (4.7) | − 12.0, 7.9 | 17 | − 2.8 (5.8) | − 15.1, 9.5 | 18 | − 0.2 (2.5) | − 5.5, 2.6 | 20 | − 5.4 (4.6) | − 15.1, 4.3 | 18 | 4.6 (5.9) | − 7.8, 17.0 | |
| Visit 3 | 27 | − 1.4 (3.9) | − 9.4, 6.6 | 27 | − 0.02 (4.6) | − 9.4, 9.4 | 27 | 3.9 (3.9) | − 4.1, 11.9 | 24 | 0.9 (5.7) | − 11.0, 12.7 | 26 | − 0.5 (1.8) | − 4.3, 3.2 | 27 | − 3.1 (3.9) | − 11.1, 4.9 | 25 | 1.5 (4.2) | − 7.2, 10.1 | |
COV-COVID-19; n-COV-Non-COVID-19; STM-short-term memory; DS-for-digit span forward; DS-back-digit span backwards; WM-working memory; TMT-Trail Making Test; RWT-Regensburger Word Fluency Test; pts.-points; tot.-total; Ref.-Reference; diff-difference; SEM-standard error of the mean; CI-confidence interval; in bold significant effect