Table 2.

Reported effects of CoQ₁₀ supplementation on tissue CoQ₁₀ levels

Model Type	CoQ10 Formulation	Total Dosage	Treatment Effects		Refs.
			On CoQ10 Levels	On ETC Function
Oral feeding
Wild-type mice
	CoQ10 in chow	0.5% CoQ10, 3 mo	Kidney ↑, liver ↑↑, brain ↔	ND	(90)
	CoQ10 in chow	93 or 371 mg/kg body wt/day, 3.5 or 17.5 mo	Heart ↑, liver ↑↑, kidney ↑↑, skeletal muscle ↑↑, brain ↔, mito (liver, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle) ↑	Respiration of liver mito. ↔	(367)
	Liposomal CoQ10 in drinking water	∼300–400 mg/kg body wt/day, 3–7 mo	Liver ↑↑↑, muscle ↔, heart ↔, kidney ↔	NE	(82, 123)
	CoQ10 in chow	2.81 mg/g CoQ10 in food, 3 wk	Liver and liver mito. ↑↑↑	NE	(8)
	Liposomal CoQ10 in drinking water	0.4 mg/mL, 12–13 wk	Liver ↑↑↑; ovaries ↑↑, kidney ↔	oocyte mito. respiration and ATP ↑	(325)
	Liquid CoQ10	15 mg/kg/day for 3 mo	Liver ↑↑; muscle ↔,	ND	(117)
CoQ deficiency mouse models
Pdss2kd/kd	CoQ10 in chow	0.5% CoQ10 in food, 3 mo	Kidney ↑, liver ↑↑, brain ↔	Kidney CI-III and CI-III ↔	(90)
Pdss2kd/kd	Liposomal CoQ10 in drinking water	∼200 mg/kg body wt/day, 3.5 mo	Kidney ↔	ND	(347)
Coq7 KO	Liposomal CoQ10 in drinking water	∼300–400 mg/kg body wt/day, 3–7 mo	Liver ↑↑↑, muscle ↔, heart ↔, kidney ↔	Respiration of liver mito. ↑	(82, 123)
Coq7+/	CoQ10 in chow	2.81 mg/g CoQ10 in food, 3 wk	Liver and mito ↑↑↑	Liver CI-CIII ↑	(8)
Coq9R239X	Liquid CoQ10	240 mg/kg body wt/day, 2 mo	Liver ↑↑, muscle ↑↑, heart ↔, kidney ↔, brain ↔, kidney ↔	Cerebrum mito. CI-CIII ↔, CII-CIII ↔	(368)
Coq9R239X	Liquid CoQ10H2	240 mg/kg body wt/day, 2 mo	Liver ↑↑, kidney ↑, muscle ↑↑, heart ↑, kidney ↑, brain ↑, cerebrum mito. ↑	Cerebrum mito. CI-CIII ↑ CII-CIII ↑	(89, 368)
ADCK2+/−	Liquid CoQ10	15 mg/kg/day for 3 mo	Liver ↑↑; muscle ↑	ND	(117)
Intraperitoneal injection
Wild-type mice	Intralipid-solubilized CoQ10	200 µL of 1.45 mM once	Liver ↑↑↑, BAT ↑↑, skeletal muscle ↔, serum ↔	NE	(356)
	CoQ10 in 10% Tween 20	0.1 mg/g/day for 3 days	Heart mito. ↔	NE	(369)
Intravenous administration
Wild-type mice	Micellar CoQ10 solution prepared with caspofungin	12.0 mg/kg body wt/day, 10 days	Plasma ↑↑↑, liver↑↑↑, heart ↑↑, muscle ↑↑, kidney↑, spleen↑↑, lung ↑↑, brain ↑, heart mito ↑	ND	(42)

BAT, brown adipose tissue; CI-CIII, complex I-III activity; CII-CIII, complex II-III activity; ETC, electron transport chain; mito., mitochondria; ND, not determined; NE, no effect. ↑<2-fold increase of CoQ₁₀ levels; ↑↑2- to 10-fold increase of CoQ₁₀ levels; ↑↑↑≥10-fold increase of CoQ₁₀ levels; ↔no change in CoQ₁₀ levels.