Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by tertiles of the phenotypic aging acceleration, weighted.
| Total n = 22,600 | Phenotypic age acceleration | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (<−4.40) n = 7,534 | Tertile 2 (−4.40 to −0.65) n = 7,533 | Tertile 3 (≥−0.65) n = 7,533 | p-value | ||
| Age, years | 47.8 ± 16.9 | 48.7 ± 16.0 | 46.0 ± 17.0 | 48.9 ± 17.4 | <0.001 |
| KDM biological age | 45.4 ± 17.3 | 43.4 ± 15.5 | 42.9 ± 16.4 | 50.5 ± 19.1 | <0.001 |
| KDM biological age acceleration | −2.7 (−7.1, 1.7) | −5.4 (−9.5, −1.1) | −3.0 (−6.9, 0.7) | 0.9 (−3.7, 5.8) | <0.001 |
| Phenotypic age | 45.3 ± 17.6 | 41.7 ± 15.9 | 43.4 ± 17.1 | 51.6 ± 18.2 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 11,173 (49.3) | 2,390 (32.6) | 3,925 (53.6) | 4,858 (63.4) | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 3,346 (8.5) | 1,232 (8.8) | 1,136 (8.6) | 978 (8.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 9,388 (67.5) | 2,898 (67.8) | 3,273 (68.5) | 3,217 (66.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 4,614 (10.3) | 1,205 (7.8) | 1,457 (9.7) | 1,952 (13.9) | |
| Others | 5,252 (13.8) | 2,199 (15.7) | 1,667 (13.2) | 1,386 (13.9) | |
| Poverty income ratio | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Education levels, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 2,107 (4.7) | 748 (4.9) | 640 (4.2) | 719 (5.2) | |
| High school | 8,056 (32.4) | 2,283 (26.4) | 2,649 (32.0) | 3,124 (39.6) | |
| More than high school | 12,437 (62.9) | 4,503 (68.8) | 4,244 (63.8) | 3,690 (55.2) | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 2,373 (8.5) | 437 (5.0) | 656 (7.4) | 1,280 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 8,186 (32.1) | 2,043 (24.7) | 2,485 (29.4) | 3,658 (43.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4,122 (13.8) | 663 (6.4) | 1,059 (10.0) | 2,400 (26.6) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 2,143 (10.5) | 637 (10.7) | 701 (10.0) | 805 (10.7) | 0.098 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.1 ± 6.8 | 27.0 ± 5.6 | 29.1 ± 6.3 | 31.7 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Diet energy, kcal/day | 2,095 ± 799 | 1,990 ± 725 | 2,141 ± 789 | 2,163 ± 876 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 12,687 (56.1) | 5,032 (64.4) | 4,296 (57.1) | 3,359 (45.5) | |
| Former | 5,432 (25.1) | 1,687 (25.1) | 1,748 (24.0) | 1,997 (26.5) | |
| Current | 4,481 (18.8) | 815 (10.5) | 1,489 (18.9) | 2,177 (28.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 6,837 (23.5) | 2,545 (25.1) | 2,083 (20.9) | 2,209 (24.7) | |
| Low-to-moderate | 14,074 (67.5) | 4,537 (67.1) | 4,859 (69.7) | 4,678 (65.5) | |
| Heavy | 1,689 (9.0) | 452 (7.8) | 591 (9.4) | 646 (9.8) | |
| Metabolic equivalent, min/week | <0.001 | ||||
| <600 | 8,763 (34.3) | 2,920 (34.1) | 2,744 (31.5) | 3,099 (37.7) | |
| 600–3,999 | 8,086 (38.5) | 2,986 (43.0) | 2,698 (38.3) | 2,402 (33.7) | |
| ≥4,000 | 5,751 (27.2) | 1,628 (22.9) | 2,091 (30.3) | 2,032 (28.7) | |
| WBC, 1,000 cells/uL | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 1.6 | 8.5 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| NLR | 2.18 ± 1.13 | 1.78 ± 0.75 | 2.17 ± 0.94 | 2.71 ± 1.45 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 42.7 ± 3.3 | 43.7 ± 2.9 | 42.8 ± 3.1 | 41.3 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 68.0 ± 21.1 | 62.6 ± 18.2 | 67.3 ± 20.1 | 74.8 ± 23.2 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, umol/L | 77.3 ± 19.5 | 67.9 ± 13.5 | 77.3 ± 15.4 | 88.0 ± 23.5 | <0.001 |
| Glutamyltransferase, U/L | 19 (14, 29) | 16 (12, 24) | 19 (14, 28) | 23 (16, 35) | <0.001 |
| Serum Klotho, (pg/mL) | 844 ± 291 | 872 ± 298 | 832 ± 275 | 818 ± 293 | <0.001 |
| Dietary diversity score | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
n (%): unweighted numbers (weighted percentage). KDM, Klemera–Doubal method; WBC, white blood cell count, NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.