TABLE 1.
Summary of the most relevant preclinical studies evaluating the ISL nanoformulations.
| Nano-formulation | Particle size (nm) | Disease | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISL self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) | 44.78 ± 0.35 | Hyperuricemia | ISL-SMEDDS can improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of ISL, and exert the anti-hyperuricemic activity. | Zhang et al. (2019a) |
| ISL-loaded F127/P123 polymeric micelles (ISL-FPM) | 20.12 ± 0.72 | — | ISL-FPM enhanced solubility, bioavailability and antioxidant activity of ISL. | Xie et al. (2019) |
| ISL loaded zein/caseinate nanocomplexes (ISL-NPs) | 137.32 ± 2.54 | Ulcerative colitis | ISL-NPs can have stronger drug-loading capacity, increase the retention of ISL in colonic inflammation sites and effectively alleviate ulcerative colitis symptoms. | Xiao et al. (2022) |
| ISL self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (ISL-SNEDDS) | 33.4 ± 2.46 | Eosinophilic esophagitis | ISL-SNEDDS can improve the bioavailability of ISL and show excellent anti-eosinophilic esophagitis activity. | Cao et al. (2022) |
| Hybrid membrane-camouflaged ISL nanoparticles (ISL-HM-NPs) | 264.59 ± 44.08 | Glioma | ISL-HM-NPs increased the solubility of ISL and also enhanced its targeting and antitumor activity. | Shi et al. (2022) |
| ISL pH-sensitive micelles (ISL-M) | 151.15 ± 1.04 | Ulcerative colitis | ISL-M increased bioavailability and better prevented colitis by reducing inflammatory. | Shi et al. (2024) |
| ISL-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-ISL) | ∼200 | Lytic bone diseases | MSNs-ISL had anti-osteoclastic effects and prevented bone destruction. | Sun et al. (2019) |
| iRGD-modified lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles loaded with ISL (ISL-iRGD NPs) | 138.97 ± 2.44 | Breast cancer | ISL-iRGD-NPs can improve anti-breast cancer efficacy and tumor-targeting ability of ISL. | Gao et al. (2017) |
| ISL-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (ISL-NLC) | 160.73 ± 6.08 | Cancer | ISL-NLC had stronger antitumor effect and biodistribution in vivo compared to the ISL. | Zhang et al. (2013) |
| ISL loaded nanoliposomes (ISL-NLs) | 48.9 ± 36.2 | Colorectal cancer | ISL-NLs regulated AMPK/mTOR mediated glycolysis in colorectal cancer. | Wang et al. (2020a) |