Table 2.
Results from weighted and unweighted polygenic score (PGS) analyses in mother-child duos. A genetic linear mixed model was used to assess the relationship between maternal PGS and offspring neurodevelopmental difficulties (NDs). Weighted PGS were calculated as the summed dosage of each SNP weighted by the effect size (cups/day), whereas unweighted PGS are the summed dosage of coffee consumption increasing alleles. NDs were rank-based inverse normal transformed. Covariates for the weighted PGS analyses included offspring genotypes, offspring birth year, maternal age at birth, paternal age at birth and both maternal and offspring genotyping batch, whereas the unweighted PGS analysis covariates include offspring unweighted PGS (as opposed to genotypes). The effect estimates can be interpreted as the expected increase in outcome per unit change in the PGS
| Maternal Weighted PGS | Maternal Unweighted PGS | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | ND | N | Beta | SE | P | Beta | SE | P |
| Difficulties with social communication and behavioral flexibility (repetitive behaviors) | SCQ-full (3 years) | 35 687 | −0.217 | 0.131 | 0.097 | −0.025 | 0.011 | 0.031 |
| SCQ-full (8 years) | 26 156 | 0.106 | 0.044 | 0.016 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.177 | |
| SCQ-RRB (3 years) | 35 619 | −0.078 | 0.038 | 0.041 | −0.009 | 0.003 | 0.008 | |
| SCQ-RRB (8 years) | 26 285 | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.986 | −0.002 | 0.003 | 0.599 | |
| SCQ-SCI (3 years) | 35 686 | −0.007 | 0.037 | 0.852 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.948 | |
| SCQ-SCI (8 years) | 26 141 | 0.128 | 0.043 | 0.003* | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.042 | |
| Difficulties with attention and hyperactive-impulsive behavior | CBCL-ADHD (18 months) | 42 944 | −0.061 | 0.034 | 0.075 | −0.004 | 0.003 | 0.146 |
| CBCL-ADHD (3 years) | 35 618 | −0.041 | 0.038 | 0.291 | −0.004 | 0.003 | 0.238 | |
| CBCL-ADHD (5 years) | 24 955 | 0.003 | 0.044 | 0.943 | −0.004 | 0.004 | 0.326 | |
| RS-DBD-ADHD (8 years) | 26 268 | −0.010 | 0.044 | 0.813 | −0.002 | 0.004 | 0.587 | |
| RS-DBD-INA (8 years) | 26 267 | −0.003 | 0.044 | 0.941 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.961 | |
| RS-DBD-HYP (8 years) | 26 259 | −0.016 | 0.042 | 0.711 | −0.004 | 0.004 | 0.337 | |
| CPRS (5 years) | 24 960 | −0.040 | 0.044 | 0.361 | −0.004 | 0.004 | 0.284 | |
| Language difficulties | ASQ-LANG (18 months) | 46 188 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.197 | −0.005 | 0.003 | 0.033 |
| ASQ-LANG (3 years) | 35 716 | 0.008 | 0.031 | 0.810 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.844 | |
| ASQ-LANG (5 years) | 24 887 | −0.002 | 0.038 | 0.960 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.558 | |
| CCC-S (8 years) | 26 188 | 0.021 | 0.044 | 0.642 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.985 | |
| Motor difficulties | ASQ-MOTOR (18 months) | 46 245 | 0.006 | 0.027 | 0.828 | −0.002 | 0.002 | 0.513 |
| ASQ-MOTOR (3 years) | 35 602 | −0.063 | 0.033 | 0.059 | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.357 | |
| CDI-MOTOR (5 years) | 24 948 | −0.028 | 0.037 | 0.456 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.829 | |
p < 0.05 = bold, p < 0.005 = *
PGS, polygenic score; SE, standard error; p, P-value; SCQ-full, Social Communication Questionnaire; SCQ-RRB, Social Communication Questionnaire restricted and repetitive behavior subscale; SCQ-SCI, Social Communication Questionnaire social communication impairment subscale; CBCL-ADHD, Child Behavior Checklist ADHD subscale; RS-DBD-ADHD, Rating Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders ADHD subscale; RS-DBD-INA, Rating Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders inattention subscale; RS-DBD-HYP, Rating Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders hyperactivity subscale; CPRS, Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised short form; ASQ-LANG, Ages and Stages Questionnaire language subscale; CCC-S, The Children's Communication Checklist-2 Short Scale; ASQ-MOTOR, Ages and Stages Questionnaire motor items; CDI-MOTOR, Child Development Inventory motor subscale.