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. 2024 Oct 22;38(1):10. doi: 10.1007/s10548-024-01084-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Exemplary data of one representative patient (Pt. 6). a An intracranial EEG interictal sample with spontaneous neural activity selected for the Granger Causality analysis. The channel names indicate the electrode placement: TAL temporal pole left, AL amygdala left, HAL hippocampus left, PHL parahippocampal gyrus left. The smallest contact number corresponds with the most mesial localization. b Postimplantation T1 MRI scan showing a typical placement of the depth electrodes in the left mesial and anterior temporal lobe. c Connectivity matrices for the investigated frequency bands based on Granger causality analysis. The source and the target of the Granger causality index are assigned to the y- and x-axis respectively, the matrix labels correspond with the channel names of the depth electrodes. For all frequency bands, high functional connectivity directed from amygdala to the temporal pole and the parahippocampal gyrus is evident, although a decrease in connectivity in slower frequencies is noticeable. d Averaged early SPES responses for the six regional pairs arranged according to the source and target of electrical stimulation in a bidirectional way. Asymmetry in bidirectional connectivity is especially noticeable for amygdala and hippocampus (subplot D) as well as hippocampus and temporal pole (subplot B). HPC: hippocampus, AMG amygdala, TP temporal pole, PHP parahippocampal gyrus