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. 2024 Oct 22;14:24810. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75556-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Associations between plasma metabolome and risk of 14 chronic diseases using random controls (FDR < 0.1). a Total number of significant associations with incident diseases. b Total number of significant predictors divided into biochemical groups. c Volcano plot of the hazard ratios (HR) and FDR values of incident risk factors for chronic conditions. d Top 10 associations with both increased and decreased risk of incident diseases. AFF—atrial fibrillation and flutter, HHD with HF—hypertensive heart disease with heart failure, CIHD—chronic ischemic heart disease, T2D—type 2 diabetes. Cox models were adjusted for age, body mass index, sex, and smoking status. Error bars show the 95% confidence interval.