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. 2024 Oct 22;14:24804. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74604-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Apoptotic effect of the modified GO-SA-LPO NPs against Caco-2 cells and HCT-116 cells. (A)The relative fold change of gene expression levels of p53 and Bcl-2 in the treated Caco-2 cells (I) and HCT-116 cells (II) with the prepared GO-SA and the modified GO-SA-LPO composites compared with free LPO for 48 h. (B) The effect on the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-ĸB in Caco-2 cells (I) and HCT-116 cells (II) after treatment for 48 h with the prepared GO-SA and the modified GO-SA-LPO composites in comparison with free LPO. Untreated cells were included as a control reference, and all values are demonstrated as mean ± SD. represent the average values from three experiments (n = 3) and data were considered highly vary at p < 0.05 *, p < 0.005 **, p < 0.0005 ***, p < 0.0001 ****.