Table 5. Characteristics and Focus of Studies With Each of the Assessment Approaches .
| Assessment Approach | Associated Conceptual Basis | Study Methodsa | Assessed | Type of Results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evidence Synthesis | Quantitative | Qualitative | Mixed | Components/Capacities/Dimensions | Frequency | |||
| System mapping | (i) Briguglio’s vulnerability and resilience framework (ii) CDC’s EPHS framework (iii) Complex adaptive systems theory (iv) Conceptual framework for EID preparedness (v) Determinants of resilient health systems framework (vi) Health system resilience index (vii) Health system building blocks (viii) Input-output-outcome (ix) Production process (x) Stylised health system, akin to an industrial process |
3 (25%) | 8 (66.7%) | 2 (16.7%) | 2 (16.7%) | Financing | 6 (46.2%) | Metrics and narrative |
| Infrastructures | 5 (38.5%) | |||||||
| Health workforce | 9 (69.2%) | |||||||
| Information systems | 9 (69.2%) | |||||||
| Leadership and governance | 8 (61.5%) | |||||||
| Engagement with communities and other sectors | 8 (61.5%) | |||||||
| Service delivery | 6 (46.2%) | |||||||
| Access to healthcare | 3 (23.1%) | |||||||
| Equity | 2 (15.4%) | |||||||
| Health outcome | 1 (7.7%) | |||||||
| Medical/non-medical products and technologies | 5 (38.5%) | |||||||
| Strategy-based approach | (i) Conceptual framework of the dimensions of resilience governance (ii) Everyday HS resilience framework (iii) Framework for assessing how health systems adjusted to economic crisis (iv) HS resilience analytical framework |
0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (25%) | 3 (75%) | Absorption | 5 (100%) | Narrative |
| Adaptation | 5 (100%) | |||||||
| Transformation | 5 (100%) | |||||||
| Health system pre-requisites (Funding, provision, governanceb) | 4 (80%) | |||||||
| Capacity-based approach | (i) Health system resilience index (ii) Resilient health systems framework |
0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (60%) | 2 (40%) | Awareness | 5 (100%) | Narrative |
| Diversity | 5 (100%) | |||||||
| Integration/mobilisation | 5 (100%) | |||||||
| Adaptability and learning/transformation | 5 (100%) | |||||||
| Self-regulation | 5 (100%) | |||||||
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; EPHS, Essential Public Health Services; EID, emerging infectious diseases; HS, health system.
aMethod could not be determined for one report.
bGovernance included knowledge, legitimacy, uncertainties, interdependence capacities,68 or cognitive, behavioural and contextual capacities.43