TABLE 1.
Participant demographics
| Characteristic | Usual care (n = 10) | Divided attention (n = 10) | Positive memory reframing (n = 11) | Divided attention + positive memory reframing (n = 10) | Overall (n = 41) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (n, female:male) | |||||
| Child | 5F:5M | 7F:3M | 7F:4M | 7F:3M | 26F:15M |
| Parent | 8F:2M | 10F:0M a | 9F:2M | 5F:5M | 32F:9M |
| Age (child) | 9.90 (1.30) | 9.30 (1.42) | 9.64 (1.50) | 9.30 (0.95) | 9.54 (1.28) |
| Number of people in household | |||||
| Total | 4.00 (0.83) | 4.50 (1.43) | 4.27 (1.10) | 4.60 (1.07) | 4.34 (1.10) |
| Children | 2.10 (0.88) | 2.70 (1.57) | 2.36 (1.36) | 2.70 (1.34) | 2.46 (1.29) |
| Marital status (n, parent) | |||||
| Married | 8 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 32 |
| Common‐law | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Separated/divorced | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Single | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Education level (n, parent) | |||||
| Graduate/professional school, Master's degree, PhD | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 14 |
| College/Bachelor's degree | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 13 |
| Vocational school/some college, no degree | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
| High school or less | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Household income (n) | |||||
| Less than $15,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| $15,000–$29,999 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| $30,000–49,999 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 15 |
| Over $150,000 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| NR | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Race (n, child) | |||||
| Caucasian/white | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 38 |
| Asian | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Race (n, parent) | |||||
| Caucasian/white | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 37 |
| Asian | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Pain catastrophizing | |||||
| Child (PCS‐C) | 19.10 (12.02) | 20.40 (10.72) | 15.36 (6.44) | 22.60 (12.06) | 19.27 (10.43) |
| Parent (PCS‐P) | 13.20 (5.75) | 12.11 (4.14) b | 12.60 (5.58) b | 21.20 (10.22) | 14.82 (7.59) c |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Child (0–10 CSA‐NRS) | 4.60 (2.41) | 4.10 (3.31) | 4.18 (3.71) | 6.20 (2.53) | 4.76 (3.06) |
| Child (STAI‐C) | 35.70 (5.27) | 33.50 (7.78) | 30.09 (6.46) | 36.60 (5.34) | 33.88 (6.58) |
| Child (CASI) | 29.50 (5.97) | 32.00 (7.77) | 26.73 (3.04) | 31.20 (7.15) | 29.78 (6.30) |
| Parent (STAI‐S) | 45.20 (5.71) | 43.22 (5.47) b | 45.60 (5.04) b | 46.20 (4.69) | 45.10 (5.08) c |
| Parent (STAI‐T) | 45.40 (2.59) | 43.44 (2.96) b | 45.40 (4.06) b | 47.20 (5.14) | 45.41 (3.92) c |
| Child pain self‐efficacy (0–10 NRS) | 5.20 (3.58) | 5.90 (2.85) | 5.82 (3.09) | 4.50 (2.59) | 5.37 (2.99) |
| Physical or mental health diagnoses (n, parent) |
1 Anxiety 1 ASD, ADHD 1 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis |
1 Behcet's disease 1 Depression 1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 2 NR |
1 Anxiety, post‐natal depression 1 Breast cancer 1 Dershen Axide 1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 1 NR |
1 ADHD 1 Brain injury, gout 1 Depression, anxiety 1 Depression |
5 Depression and/or anxiety 2 Rheumatoid Arthritis 2 ASD and/or ADHD 5 Other 3 NR |
|
Physical or mental health diagnoses (n, child, reported by parent) |
1 ASD, ADHD 1 Dyslexia 1 Swelling |
1 Finger fracture 1 NR |
1 NR |
1 ASD 1 Small wrist fracture |
2 ASD and/or ADHD 3 Injury 1 Dyslexia 2 NR |
Note: Values are mean (SD) uncles otherwise indicated. Child pain self‐efficacy was assessed using a vaccination‐specific 0–10 point Numeric Rating Scale (0 = Not well at all; 10 = very well).
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CASI, Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (18 items, 1–3 Likert scale, maximum score 54, lower score represents lower anxiety); CSA‐NRS, Child State Anxiety Numeric Rating Scale (0–10, 0 = not at all nervous or anxious, 10 = most nervous or anxious, maximum score 10, lower score represents lower state anxiety/nervousness); NR, not reported; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; PCS‐C, Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (13 items, 0–4 Likert scale, maximum score 52, lower score represents less catastrophizing); PCS‐P, Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Parents (13 items, 0–4 Likert scale, maximum score 52, lower score represents less catastrophizing); STAI‐C, State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (20 items, 1–3 Likert scale, maximum score 60, lower score represents lower anxiety); STAI‐S, State Trait Anxiety Inventory State subscale for parents (20 items, 1–4 Likert scale, maximum score 80, lower score represents lower state anxiety); STAI‐T, State Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait subscale for parents (20 items, 1–4 Likert scale, maximum score 80, lower score represents lower trait anxiety).
The mother of one child completed the baseline assessment but then the father attended the vaccination and completed follow‐up assessments.
n = 1 missing data.
n = 2 missing data.