Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to aetiology
| Ischaemic (n = 2674) | Non‐ischaemic (n = 2070) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67.7 (9.8) | 64.6 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Female | 538 (20.1) | 571 (27.6) | |
| Male | 2136 (79.9) | 1499 (72.4) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Asian | 541 (20.2) | 575 (27.8) | |
| Black | 66 (2.5) | 160 (7.7) | |
| White | 2043 (76.4) | 1290 (62.3) | |
| Other | 24 (0.9) | 45 (2.2) | |
| Geographic region, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Asia/Pacific | 529 (19.8) | 567 (27.4) | |
| Europe | 1404 (52.5) | 750 (36.2) | |
| North America | 351 (13.1) | 326 (15.7) | |
| South America | 390 (14.6) | 427 (20.6) | |
| Physiologic measures | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 122.9 (15.8) | 120.3 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 73.3 (9.9) | 73.8 (11.2) | 0.12 |
| Heart rate (bpm), mean (SD) | 70.1 (11.0) | 73.4 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.1 (5.4) | 28.2 (6.6) | 0.41 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 106.7 (30.2) | 101.6 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| Glycated haemoglobin (%), mean (SD) | 6.6 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 63.7 (18.5) | 68.4 (20.2) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| <60 | 1174 (43.9) | 752 (36.3) | |
| ≥60 | 1498 (56.1) | 1318 (63.7) | |
| NT‐proBNP for AF on ECG (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 2083 (1298–3270) | 1878 (1224–3145) | 0.16 |
| NT‐proBNP for no AF on ECG (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 1264 (766–2353) | 1345 (778–2510) | 0.12 |
| LVEF (%), mean (SD) | 31.7 (6.5) | 30.2 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| II | 1742 (65.1) | 1461 (70.6) | |
| III | 914 (34.2) | 584 (28.2) | |
| IV | 18 (0.7) | 25 (1.2) | |
| KCCQ, mean (SD) | |||
| Total symptom score | 73.2 (21.1) | 74.1 (22.6) | 0.18 |
| Clinical summary score | 70.7 (20.2) | 71.7 (21.5) | 0.10 |
| Overall summary score | 67.9 (20.2) | 68.6 (21.3) | 0.28 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension a | 2156 (80.6) | 1367 (66.0) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1333 (49.9) | 806 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 894 (33.4) | 924 (44.6) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization for HF b | 1232 (46.1) | 1019 (49.2) | 0.03 |
| Previous MI | 1939 (72.5) | 153 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Previous PCI | 1449 (54.2) | 175 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Previous CABG | 737 (27.6) | 62 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic stroke | 287 (10.7) | 151 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 509 (19.0) | 140 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 937 (35.0) | 175 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Vascular stent | 106 (4.0) | 17 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Carotid artery stenosis | 205 (7.7) | 46 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||
| ACEI | 1545 (57.8) | 1116 (53.9) | 0.008 |
| ARB | 717 (26.8) | 590 (28.5) | 0.20 |
| ARNI | 260 (9.7) | 248 (12.0) | 0.01 |
| Beta‐blocker | 2567 (96.0) | 1991 (96.2) | 0.74 |
| MRA | 1898 (71.0) | 1472 (71.1) | 0.92 |
| Diuretic | 2250 (84.1) | 1758 (84.9) | 0.46 |
| Digoxin | 381 (14.2) | 506 (24.4) | <0.001 |
| Oral anticoagulant c | 995 (37.2) | 974 (47.1) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet d | 1928 (72.1) | 664 (32.1) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 2232 (83.5) | 944 (45.6) | <0.001 |
| ICD | 591 (22.1) | 362 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| ICD/CRT‐D | 749 (28.0) | 493 (23.8) | 0.001 |
| CRT‐P/CRT‐D | 183 (6.8) | 171 (8.3) | 0.07 |
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy‐defibrillator; CRT‐P, cardiac resynchronization therapy‐pacemaker; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SD, standard deviation.
A history of hypertension.
Any time prior to randomization (a key exclusion criterion was a hospitalization due to decompensated HF <4 weeks prior to enrolment).
Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin/coumadin) and direct oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban).
Aspirin, ADP receptor inhibitors (clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel), and adenosine reuptake inhibitors (dipyridamole).