Table 4.

TBI emotional function diagnostic tools.

Test	Research findings	Demographic	References
Beck Depression Inventory-II	BDI-II was broken into four subcategories (somatic symptoms, loss of self-worth, affective symptoms and apathy symptoms) with the intent to distinguish apathy from depression. The apathy subscale and a daily activity log filled out by the participants had a significant negative correlation (p = 0.009 and r = −0.29). As apathy scores from the BDI-II increased, reported frequency of daily activity decreased. Self-worth and apathy also correlated to a separate measurement of apathy (p = 0.002 and r = 0.32; p < 0.001 and r = 0.52).	Participants had a TBI or brain lesion and were recruited from an outpatient clinic in Kyoto, Japan.	Ubukata et al., 2021
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)	The BAI was given to an mTBI veteran population alongside the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). Results show that a score of 11 on the BAI is associated with the upper range of mild anxiety on the NSI with excellent sensitivity (0.9394) and good specificity (0.6333).	Clinical veteran population (n = 308) and 95.8% met criteria for concussion after TBI testing (n = 364).	Palmer and Palmer, 2021
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)	Sensitivity and specificity of detecting malingering using the MCMI improve when appropriate cutoffs are applied in TBI populations. A cutoff for disclosure ≥ 67, desirability ≤ 54, and debasement ≥ 71, yield 4% false positive error rate and sensitivity of 47% for disclosure, 55% for debasement and 51% for desirability. This increases accuracy of classing half of malingers and only misclassifying 4% of non-malingerers.	Participants diagnosed with TBI (n = 108).	Aguerrevere et al., 2011
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2)	Determining appropriate cutoffs for the MMPI-2 to optimize the accurate detection of malingering in TBI and other clinical populations. The results show that a Tscore cutoff of >89 in the FBS-r validity scale provides 48% sensitivity for malingers and 96% specificity TBI participants that passed validity measures.	Clinical population (n = 147). Participants diagnosed with TBI (n = 59).	Schroeder et al., 2012