Table 1.

Guidance to key literature on the use of various sequences for detection of MS pathology at 7T

Imaging target	Data for target characterization	Key 7T references
PRL	T2* magnitude  R2* map  Unwrapped, filtered phase  SWI  QSM	Bagnato F, et al. Brain 2011; 134:3602–36156 Dal-Bianco A, et al. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 1par33:25–428 Harrison DM, et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1447–53154 Absinta M, et al. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76: 1474–148311 Absinta M, et al. JCI 2016; 126(7): 2597–260912 Bagnato F, et al. Brain 2024;Jan16:awae01310
CVS	T2* magnitude  SWI  FLAIR*  FLAIR-SWI	Tallantyre EC, et al. Neurology 2008;70:2076–20785 Sinnecker T, et al. Neurology 2012;79:708–71425 Mistry N, et al. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:623–62830 Sati P, et al. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:714–72219
Cortical and deep GM lesions	T2* magnitude  MP2RAGE T1-weighted	Mainero C, et al., Neurology, 2009; 73: 941–94849 Harrison DM, et al. Multiple Sclerosis; 21(9): 1139–1150.67 Harrison DM, et al. JAMA Neurol; 72(9): 1004–1012.52 Kilsdonk ID, et al. Brain 2016; 139:1472–148148 Treaba CA, et al. Radiology 2019; 291:740–74964 Mehndiratta A, et al. Mult Scler 2021;27:674–68369 Beck ES, et al. Mult Scler 2022;28:1351–136365 Beck ES et al., Brain Commun 2024;6(3):fcae158159
Spinal cord lesions	T2* magnitude  T2w-TSE  MP2RAGE T1-weighted  ss-EPI	Sigmund EE, et al. NMR Biomed 2012;25:891–89972 Dula AN, et al. Mult Scler 2016;22:320–32874 Massire A, et al. Neuroimage 2016;143:58–6976 Conrad BN, et al. Brain 2018;141:1650–166475 Clarke MA, et al. Neuroimage 2023;284:120460160
Myelin	MP2RAGE T1 map  T2, T2* magnitude  Diffusion  MT  MRS	Barletta V et al., Front Neurol 2021 Sept 3;12:714820161 Li X et al., Neuroimage Clin 2015 Mar 4;7:709–14162 Maranzano J et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019 Jul;40(7):1162–116954 Klawiter EC et al., Neuroimage 2011 Apr 15;55(4):1454–60163
Axon pathology	Diffusion  MRS	Schiavi S et al., Brain 2021 Feb 12;144(1):213–223164 Tackley G et al., Neuroimage 2021 Sep;238:118225.165 Wood ET et al., NMR Biomed 2015 Aug;28(8):976–987166 Kolbe SC et al., Neuroimage 2020 May 1;211:116609167
Leptomeningeal enhancement	Gadolinium-enhanced FLAIR	Harrison DM et al., J Neuroimaging 2017 Sep;27(5):461–468168 Ighani M et al., Mult Scler 2020 Feb;26(2):165–17658 Zurawski J et al., Mult Scler 2020 Feb;26(2):177–18768 Mizell R et al., Mult Scler 2022 Mar;28(3):393–405169 Harrison DM et al., PLoS One 2024 May;19(5):e030029888
Brain and spinal cord connectivity	DWI SE EPI  T2*-weighted rsfMRI (3D multi-shot GRE)  T2*-weighted BOLD fMRI  multi-slice EPI	Mangeat G et al., Hum Brain Mapp 2018 May;39(5):2133–2146170 Conrad BN et al., Brain 2018 Jun 1;141(6):1650–166475 Shi Z et al., World J Urol 2021 Sep;39(9):3525–353175 Nemani et al., Med Phys 2021 Oct;48(10):5756–5764108

FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; TSE, turbo spin echo; MT, magnetization transfer; MRS, magnetization resonance spectroscopy.