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. 2024 Oct 9;12:1417450. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1417450

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Copyright © 2024 Su, Aslebagh, Shahriary, Barrett and Balmes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot of the estimated effects of PM_2.5 on respiratory disease. A, adenocarcinoma; AT, asthma; C, coughing; CB, chronic bronchitis; COPDC, COPD cough; COPDP, COPD phlegm; CRD, chronic respiratory disease; D, dyspnea; DDA, doctor-diagnosed asthma; ENTI, ear/nose/throat infections; F, flu; LC, lung cancer; TB, trouble breathing; SP, sputum production; R, rhinitis; W, wheezing.