TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics and concentration of plasma inflammatory cytokines in APOE ε4–carrying and non‐APOE ε4–carrying Alzheimer's disease.
|
APOE ε4 carriers Mean (SD) |
Non‐APOE ε4 carriers Mean (SD) |
Differences between groups (95% CI) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| APOE genotype (patients) | 28 | 26 | ||
| Sex [female %] | 22 [78.571] | 18 [69.231] | NA | 0.438 a |
| Age | 72.68 (8.060) | 70.85 (8.048) | –2.569 to 6.234 | 0.407 |
| Education level | 5.821 (4.405) | 6.115 (4.520) | –2.731 to 2.142 | 0.810 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension [%] | 7 [25.000] | 6 [23.767] | NA | 0.870 a |
| Diabetes [%] | 4 [14.286] | 5 [19.231] | NA | 0.629 a |
| Arthritis [%] | 3 [10.714] | 3 [11.538] | NA | 0.924 a |
| Number of lacunar cerebral infarction area | 1.321 (0.819) | 1.423 (0.857) | –0.559 to 0.356 | 0.658 |
| Coronary heart disease [%] | 5 [17.857] | 1 [3.846] | NA | 0.105 a |
| Cancer [%] | 1 [3.571] | 1 [3.846] | NA | 0.958 a |
| Neuropsychological assessments | ||||
| MMSE score | 11.464 (8.230) | 14.961 (8.166) | –7.977 to 0.983 | 0.123 |
| MoCA score | 7.704 (6.317) | 9.960 (6.931) | –5.946 to 1.434 | 0.225 |
| MTA | 2.643 (0.731) | 2.462 (0.761) | –0.226 to 0.589 | 0.377 |
| Plasma Aβ peptides | ||||
| Plasma Aβ1‐40 (pg/mL) | 87.865 (29.050) | 95.154 (37.853) | –30.251 to 15.674 | 0.524 |
| Plasma Aβ1‐42 (pg/mL) | 4.061 (2.319) | 4.372 (2.069) | –1.761 to 1.140 | 0.666 |
| Ratio of plasma Aβ1‐42 and Aβ1‐40 | 0.044 (0.018) | 0.047 (0.021) | –0.016 to 0.010 | 0.648 |
| Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines | ||||
| TNF‐alpha (pg/mL) | 2.392 (1.445) | 1.803 (1.522) | –0.221 to 1.399 | 0.019 b |
| IFN‐gamma (pg/mL) | 111.391 (16.842) | 95.867 (16.205) | 6.484 to 24.562 | 0.001 |
| IL‐1beta (pg/mL) | 31.069 (6.692) | 30.367 (7.663) | –3.218 to 4.624 | 0.721 |
| IL‐5 (pg/mL) | 10.510 (3.973) | 9.687 (3.695) | –1.276 to 2.923 | 0.435 |
| IL‐6 (pg/mL) | 0.979 (0.760) | 1.218 (1.263) | –0.803 to 0.325 | 0.399 |
| IL‐7 (pg/mL) | 2.708 (2.065) | 4.706 (3.626) | –3.638 to −0.357 | 0.018 |
| IL‐8 (pg/mL) | 4.164 (7.858) | 5.015 (10.101) | –5.773 to 4.071 | 0.730 |
| IL‐10 (pg/mL) | 11.440 (3.786) | 13.054 (4.425) | –3.858 to 0.630 | 0.155 |
| IL‐13 (pg/mL) | 631.916 (238.264) | 610.120 (230.720) | –106.454 to 150.045 | 0.734 |
| IL‐17 (pg/mL) | 11.061 (6.259) | 11.186 (6.861) | –3.707 to 3.458 | 0.945 |
| IL‐18 (pg/mL) | 247.066 (191.891) | 334.452 (252.529) | –209.319 to 34.5477 | 0.156 |
| IL‐33 (pg/mL) | 4.949 (3.004) | 3.094 (1.131) | 0.597 to 3.113 | 0.004 |
| MCP‐1 (pg/mL) | 572.854 (1322.922) | 283.402 (64.963) | –232.104 to 811.008 | 0.258 |
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CI, confidence interval; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MTA, medial temporal atrophy; SD, standard deviation; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
a
Indicates analysis with a method of Fisher exact test.
b
Indicates analysis with a method of Mann–Whitney.