Table 1.

Markers of mature neurons.

Marker	Years	Location	Function	Ref.
NeuN	1992	Cell nuclei	Recognition neurons; determine the neuronal phenotype; assess survival and death of neurons; and differential diagnosis of nerve tumors	[12,20,21]
NSE	1965	Cytoplasm	Maintain normal glucose metabolism; assess neuronal damage and neuroendocrine tumors; and monitor craniocerebral injury	[13,23–25]
UCH-L1	1983	Cytoplasm and axons	Promote cell proliferation; protect neurons; monitor brain injury; and involvement in tumor metastasis	[14,28–30,32–34]
MAP-2	1975	Cytoplasm and axons	Promote neuron maturation; maintain the morphological structure of neurons; modulate synaptic plasticity; and involved in signaling within neurons	[39,40,42,43]
Tau	1974	Cytoplasm and axons	Participate in the formation of microtubules and maintain the stability of neuronal cytoskeleton; affect synaptic plasticity and signal transduction; and maintain the integrity of DNA and RNA	[44,46,48–50]
TUBB3	1986	Cytoplasm and axons	Ensure the growth and maintenance of axons; and promote the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells	[52–54,57]
NF	1957	Axons	Maintain the growth stability of axons; monitor nerve damage; and diagnosing neurological disorders	[58–60]
SYP	1985	Synaptic vesicle	Stable membrane fusion hole; modulate vesicle circulation and synaptic plasticity; and monitor neuroendocrine tumors	[65,67–70]
SYN	1977	Synaptic vesicle	Involved in the growth and development of neurons; promote aggregation of synaptic proteins and vesicles; and maintain neurotransmitter transmission	[71,76–78]
SYT	1981	Synaptic vesicle	Controls vesicle fusion with presynaptic membranes; and maintain synaptic transmission	[79,80,82,83]
GAP-43	1981	Presynaptic membrane	Maintain neuronal development and synaptic formation; and regulate the budding of vesicles	[85,87–89]
SNAP-25	1989	Presynaptic membrane	Promote vesicles and presynaptic membrane fusion; and involved in axon growth	[92,93,96]
VAMP	1989	Synaptic vesicle	Participate in membrane fusion, achieve exocytosis and transmitter release; and promote elongation of axons	[91,94,96,97]
Syntaxin	1992	Presynaptic membrane	Maintain vesicle exocytosis; and involved in neural development, axon germination and growth	[91,92,95,96]
PSD-95	1981	Postsynaptic membrane	Promote synaptic maturation; regulate intracellular signaling; and maintain synaptic plasticity.	[98,99,102,103]