FIGURE 4.

Kaempferol inhibits ISC hyperproliferation through the ER-stress signaling. (A) PCA of midguts from 40-day-old wild-type flies: one cohort was treated with 20 µM Kaempferol, and the other with DMSO only. (B) GO pathway enrichment analysis was performed on upregulated and downregulated genes in a pair-wise comparison between 40-day-old Drosophila midguts treated with or without Kaempferol. (C) The volcano plot displays genes that are differentially expressed in 40-day-old Drosophila midguts with Kaempferol treatment compared to those without. Red dots highlight genes that are remarkably upregulated, blue dots mark genes that are remarkably downregulated, and gray dots indicate genes with no significant change. (D) The differential gene expression of UPRER in midguts of flies with Kaempferol feeding compared to the control group is shown in the heatmap. (E) Representative immunofluorescence images of p-eIF2α staining in midguts with or without Kaempferol treatment. The top images show merged images, while the bottom images focus on p-eIF2α signals. Three independent experiments were conducted. (F) RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of ER-stress-related genes in the midguts of 40-day-old wild-type Drosophila, comparing those with and without Kaempferol treatment (administered starting at 26 days). Three independent experiments were conducted.