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. 2024 Oct 10;5:1466408. doi: 10.3389/fcdhc.2024.1466408

Table 4.

Risk of bias assessment (ROB-2).

Author/Year D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Overall
KahodomMohson et al. 2021 (16) H H L L Some concerns H
Mehrzadi et al. 2018 (15) L L L Some concerns L Some concerns
Khalili et al. 2017 (14) L L L Some concerns L Some concerns
Ahangarpour et al. 2014 (12) L Some concerns L Some concerns Some concerns Some concerns
Azadmehr et al. 2014 (13) L Some concern L Some concerns L Some concerns

✓D1: Bias arising from the randomization process.

✓D2: Bias due to deviations from intended interventions.

✓D3: Bias due to missing outcome data.

✓D4: Bias in measurement of the outcome.

✓D5: Bias in selection of the reported result.

✓L, low risk of bias; H, high risk of bias.