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. 2024 Aug 14;634(8035):901–909. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07916-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Raster plot of ten female mating behaviours during one interaction with a male. b, The probability of mating behaviours during every 20 s (n = 74 trials, n = 28 mice). Behaviours were grouped as accept (comprising lordose and wiggle), appetitive (comprising approach and sniff) and resistance (comprising dart, top up, kick and turn); data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. c, Distribution of the percentage of time females displayed responsive versus self-initiated mating behaviours over the total mating behaviour time in each trial (n = 74 trials). Female self-initiated mating behaviours comprised appetitive behaviours and check genital area. Female-responsive mating behaviours comprised accept and resistance behaviours and staying. d, Percentage of time female or male mice displayed self-initiated mating behaviours in each trial (left). The box boundaries range from minimum to maximum, with a line at the median. Male self-initiated mating time over female in each trial (right; n = 74 trials). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Male self-initiated mating behaviours included male sniffing, mounting and intromission. e, Distribution of the durations of male copulation bouts (left; n = 1,685) and IBIs (right; n = 1,611). Male copulation included mounting and intromission. f, Raster plot of female behaviours during copulation bouts and IBIs. Social behaviours comprised accepting, resistance and appetitive behaviours; and non-social disengaged behaviours comprised rearing, digging and chewing. g, Percentage of time females displayed social behaviours in each male copulation bout or IBI. ‘Others’ indicates all behaviours other than the defined social behaviours or non-social disengaged behaviours during interaction. h, Female behaviour probability aligned to male copulation offsets.