Table 3.
The influence of physical activity and physical activity and diet apps on the cardiovascular disease risk factors among the qualifying meta-analyses (n=8).
| Outcome | PAa apps effect sizes | PA + Diet apps effect sizes | ||
|
|
Favors intervention | No difference intervention vs Controlb | Favors intervention | No difference intervention vs Controlb |
| BMI | —c | n=1 [45]; unstandardized effect size: –0.09 kg/m2, 95% CI –0.29 to 0.10; P=.35 | n=2 [46,48]; standardized effect size: –0.46, 95% CI –0.68 to –0.23; P=.04; unstandardized effect size: –0.64 kg/m2, 95% CI –1.09 to –0.18; P=.01 | n=1 [52]; standardized effect size: –0.14 95% CI –0.51 to 0.23; P=.45 |
| Body weight | n=1 [45]; unstandardized effect size: –0.73 kg, 95% CI –1.45-0.01; P=.05 | — | n=6 [47-52]; standardized effect size n=2: –0.37, 95% CI –0.54 to –0.19; P<.001 to –0.43, 95% CI –0.252 to –0.609; P<.01; unstandardized effect size n=4: –1.79 kg 95% CI –3.17 to 0.41; P=.01 to –2.27 kg 95% CI –3.64 to –0.90; P<.01 | — |
| Waist circumference | — | n=1 [45]; unstandardized effect size: –1.92 cm, 95% CI –3.94 to 0.09; P=.06 | n=2 [46,48]; standardized effect size: –0.54, 95% CI –0.85 to –0.23; P=.001; unstandardized effect size: –2.46 cm 95% CI –4.56 to –0.36; P=.02 | — |
| Systolic blood pressure | — | — | n=2 [46,48]; standardized effect size: –0.43, 95% CI –0.77 to –0.10; P<.001; unstandardized effect size: –4.22 mm Hg 95% CI –6.54 to –1.91; P<.01 | — |
| Diastolic blood pressure | — | — | n=2 [46,48]; standardized effect size: –0.44, 95% CI –0.74 to –0.14; P=.002; unstandardized effect size: –2.87 mm Hg 95% CI –4.44 to –1.29; P<.01 | — |
| Hemoglobin A1c | — | — | n=1 [49]; unstandardized effect size: –0.43% 95% CI –0.6 to –0.19; P<.001 | n=1 [46]; standardized effect size: –0.35, 95% CI –0.82 to 0.12, P<.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose | — | — | n=1 [46]; standardized effect size: –0.39, 95% CI –0.73 to –0.06; P=.002 | — |
| Total cholesterol | — | — | — | n=1 [46]; standardized effect size: –0.06, 95% CI –0.23 to 0.11; P=.47 |
| Triglycerides | — | — | — | n=1 [46]; standardized effect size: –0.20, 95% CI –0.35 to –0.04; P=.80 |
| High-density lipoprotein | — | — | n=1 [46]; standardized effect size: 0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.38; P=.50 | — |
| Low-density lipoprotein | — | — | — | n=1 [46]; standardized effect size: –0.04, 95% CI –0.21 to 0.13; P=.96 |
| Physical activity measures | n=1 [45]; standardized effect size: 1.13 (~25 minutes/week moderate to vigorous PA), 95% CI 0.58-1.68; P<.001 | — | n=2 [49,52]; standardized effect size: 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.37; P=.01 to 2.59, 95% CI 1.00-4.81; P=.001 | — |
aPA: physical activity.
bNo effect size was reported to favor control.
cNot available.