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. 2024 Oct 22;14(9):e081632. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081632

Table 2. Critical appraisal of included studies.

Title Risk of bias Applicability
Effect modifications of green space and blue space on heat–mortality association in Hong Kong, 2008–201710 Low Yes
Urban vegetation for reducing heat related mortality11 Low Yes
The protective effect of green space on heat related respiratory hospitalization among children under 5 years of age in Hanoi, Vietnam12 Low Yes
Increasing trees and high-albedo surfaces decreases heat impacts and mortality in Los Angeles, CA13 Medium Yes
Urban vegetation and heat-related mortality in Seoul, Korea14 Low Yes
Mortality Burden of Heatwaves in Sydney, Australia Is Exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: Can Tree Cover Help Mitigate the Health Impacts?15 Medium Yes
The Impacts of Heatwaves on Mortality Differ with Different Study Periods: A MultiCity Time Series Investigation16 Low Yes
Modification of Heat-Related Mortality in an Elderly Urban Population by Vegetation (Urban Green) and Proximity to Water (Urban Blue): Evidence from Lisbon, Portugal17 Low Yes
Wisteria trellises and tents as tools for improved thermal comfort and heat stress mitigation: Meteorological, physiological and psychological analyses considering the relaxation effect of greenery18 Medium Yes
Modeling lives saved from extreme heat by urban tree cover19 Low Yes
The Value of US Urban Tree Cover for Reducing Heat-Related Health Impacts and Electricity Consumption20 Low Yes
The health benefits of greening strategies to cool urban environments—A heat health impact method21 Low Yes