Table 3. Comparison of results and interpretation.

Author (year)	Results and interpretation
Song et al10 (2022)	No significant effect modifications of green and blue spaces on heat-related mortality risk.
Chen et al11 (2014)	Simulation revealed the average seasonal summer temperatures can be reduced in the range of around 0.5 and 2 C if the region is replaced by vegetated suburbs and planted parklands, respectively.
Nguyen et al12 (2022)	This study confirmed the protective effect of green space on heat risk on respiratory hospitalisation among children under 5
Kalkstein et al13 (2022)	Roughly one in four lives currently lost during heat waves could be saved. Climate change-induced warming could be delayed approximately 40–70 years.
Son et al14 (2016)	Findings suggest a higher mortality effect of high temperature in areas with lower vegetation in Seoul, Korea
Chaston et al15 (2022)	Study found that tree canopy reduces urban heat, and that widespread tree planting could offset the increases in heat-attributable deaths as climate warming progresses.
Wang et al16 (2015)	Non-accidental and circulatory mortality significantly increased during heatwaves across the three cities even with different heatwave definitions and study periods. Using the summer data resulted in the largest increase in effect estimates compared with those using the warm season or the whole year data.
Burkart et al17 (2015)	Urban green and blue appeared to have a mitigating effect on heat-related mortality in the elderly population in Lisbon. Increasing the amount of vegetation may be a good strategy to counteract the adverse effects of heat in urban areas.
Kusaka et al18 (2022)	The thermal environment under a wisteria trellis showed significantly lower heat stress compared with a tent or direct sunlight. This reduction is largely due to lower black-globe temperatures. Subjects under the trellis also perceived the environment as cooler and more comfortable, with significant reduction in pulse rate.
Sinha et al19 (2021)	Existing tree cover reduced annual mortality by 543 deaths compared with a 0% tree cover scenario. Increasing tree cover by 10% reduced baseline annual mortality by 83–247 deaths. The benefits were greater for individuals over 65 years and for regions with greater tree cover.
McDonald et al20 (2019)	The research found urban tree cover helps avoid 245–346 deaths annually and provides heat-reduction services estimated to be worth US$5.3–US$12.1 billion annually for the entire US urban population.
Sadeghi et al21 (2021)	Greening interventions reduced the daily average UTCI by −0.2°C to −1.7°C, decreasing heat-attributable deaths by up to 11.7 per day. This emphasises the health benefits of urban greening in mitigating heatwave effects.

UTCIUniversal Thermal Climate Index