Table 3.
Food and supplement intake from baseline and 12-month means and proportion of mean change for the health behaviors (HB) intervention and standard of care.
| Health behavior | Standard of care | HB vs SOC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Mean ± SE1 |
Month 12 Mean ± SE1 |
Mean Ratio (95% CI) 2 |
Baseline Mean ± SE1 |
Month 12 Mean ± SE1 |
Mean Ratio (95% CI)2 |
p-value3 | |
| Macronutrients | |||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1,832.09 ± 63.20 | 1,679.07 ± 69.75 | 0.91 (0.81–1.04) | 1,783.11 ± 104.04 | 1,509.09 ± 81.98 | 0.84 (0.71–0.99)* | 0.42 |
| Protein (g/day) | 90.03 ± 4.06 | 89.58 ± 4.74 | 1.00 (0.87–1.13) | 76.65 ± 7.41 | 65.45 ± 4.59 | 0.85 (0.65–1.13) | 0.33 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 168.58 ± 7.22 | 140.25 ± 7.39 | 0.83 (0.70–0.99)* | 181.13 ± 12.88 | 175.78 ± 13.04 | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.24 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 91.80 ± 4.41 | 89.15 ± 4.98 | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) | 82.15 ± 7.19 | 61.49 ± 5.44 | 0.73 (0.62–0.86)*** | 0.01 |
| Total water (g/day) | 2,988.22 ± 129.68 | 3,173.98 ± 122.88 | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 2,790.44 ± 186.79 | 2,724.19 ± 190.72 | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 0.36 |
| Total dietary fiber (g/day) | 27.01 ± 1.75 | 28.00 ± 2.02 | 1.04 (0.84–1.23) | 24.41 ± 1.96 | 24.09 ± 1.88 | 1.00 (0.78–1.27) | 0.81 |
| Micronutrients | |||||||
| Vitamins | |||||||
| Vitamin A4 (mcg RAE/day) | 1,974.08 ± 255.78 | 2,122.00 ± 245.72 | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | 1,139.47 ± 137.05 | 1,226.47 ± 207.19 | 1.10 (0.76–1.61) | 0.95 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 251.77 ± 30.22 | 224.47 ± 20.86 | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) | 317.26 ± 62.04 | 173.93 ± 19.15 | 0.94 (0.72–1.25) | 0.54 |
| Vitamin D5 (mcg/day) | 67.50 ± 8.89 | 39.55 ± 6.52 | 0.54 (0.31–0.93)* | 65.76 ± 11.59 | 53.97 ± 14.87 | 0.48 (0.12–1.28) | 0.86 |
| Vitamin E6 (mg/day) | 32.42 ± 6.30 | 23.91 ± 4.47 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | 15.01 ± 1.46 | 10.62 ± 0.99 | 0.78 (0.65–0.94)** | 0.04 |
| Vitamin K (mcg/day) | 937.93 ± 193.72 | 1,047.23 ± 183.31 | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 523.57 ± 89.99 | 485.73 ± 71.91 | 0.93 (0.70–1.25) | 0.39 |
| Thiamin (mg/day) | 5.25 ± 1.92 | 6.08 ± 1.84 | 0.97 (0.80–1.70) | 18.79 ± 5.49 | 18.13 ± 5.26 | 1.13 (0.85–1.151) | 0.37 |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 3.94 ± 0.94 | 6.74 ± 1.88 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 19.32 ± 5.47 | 18.30 ± 5.26 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.41 |
| Niacin7 (mg/day) | 31.26 ± 1.97 | 32.34 ± 2.61 | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 47.95 ± 8.99 | 45.50 ± 9.08 | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.57 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 4.52 ± 0.91 | 8.14 ± 1.88 | 1.07 (0.90–1.28) | 24.39 ± 7.44 | 23.90 ± 7.66 | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 0.38 |
| Folate8 (mcg DFE/day) | 705.20 ± 57.41 | 839.80 ± 78.92 | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 922.77 ± 149.35 | 909.44 ± 159.34 | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) | 0.95 |
| Vitamin B12 (mcg/day) | 312.45 ± 88.48 | 229.35 ± 50.77 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 214.86 ± 129.64 | 94.70 ± 46.32 | 0.62 (0.38–1.04) | 0.19 |
| Choline (mg/day) | 385.56 ± 17.13 | 426.53 ± 24.39 | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 361.27 ± 42.20 | 273.20 ± 20.94 | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) | 0.04 |
| Minerals | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 955.71 ± 70.90 | 858.56 ± 61.09 | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 864.31 ± 69.95 | 766.99 ± 67.48 | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 0.62 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 2.37 ± 0.28 | 2.32 ± 0.28 | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 1.69 ± 0.13 | 1.39 ± 0.09 | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.14 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 18.63 ± 1.67 | 16.30 ± 1.50 | 0.94 (0.80–1.12) | 17.42 ± 2.68 | 17.11 ± 2.82 | 0.90 (0.76–1.02) | 0.73 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 493.65 ± 31.83 | 407.98 ± 24.24 | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 423.91 ± 33.73 | 360.89 ± 24.60 | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.50 |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1,343.77 ± 52.13 | 1,280.91 ± 63.38 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 1,252.17 ± 88.87 | 1,071.87 ± 63.42 | 0.85 (0.70–1.04) | 0.39 |
| Selenium (mcg/day) | 135.10 ± 13.17 | 169.69 ± 29.94 | 1.29 (0.91–1.81) | 145.73 ± 20.95 | 106.83 ± 13.93 | 0.79 (0.46–1.35) | 0.13 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 15.16 ± 1.30 | 16.05 ± 1.66 | 0.98 (0.81–1.19) | 13.83 ± 2.93 | 19.74 ± 6.75 | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 0.34 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 3,831.98 ± 184.95 | 3,764.55 ± 177.79 | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 3,542.87 ± 262.30 | 3,366.46 ± 201.71 | 0.95 (0.80–1.14) | 0.78 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 3,302.71 ± 137.22 | 3,229.49 ± 164.67 | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) | 3,050.60 ± 259.84 | 2,537.84 ± 219.61 | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) | 0.19 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard error (SE).
Proportion of mean change from baseline to 12-months.
Significance was determined using generalized linear models with a negative binomial link function.
As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoid is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents (REs), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
Vitamin D, D2 + D3 (mcg).
Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg).
NE, Niacin Equivalents.
DFE, Dietary Folate Equivalents (mcg).
Within-group statistical significance compared to baseline values indicated by * for (p ≤ 0.05), ** for (p ≤ 0.01), and *** for (p ≤ 0.001).
Bold values indicate within-group statistical significance.