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. 2024 Sep 23;49(12):3297–3307. doi: 10.1007/s11064-024-04230-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Lesion of ZI GABAergic neurons delayed arousal from isoflurane anesthesia. A Schematic showing bilateral injection of Cre-independent AAVs into the ZI. B Image showing GABA staining from a mouse with specific ZI lesion using AAV-CAG-DIO-DTA (NS represents normal saline). C Proportions of GABA-fluorescent area in ZI, indicating that the lesion group animals were selectively ablated ZI GABAergic neurons (P = 0.0001 by independent-samples t-test; n = 6 per group). D Protocol for behavioral and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording of induction time and emergence time. Spectrograms of EEG power during the isoflurane anaesthesia period in the control group. E BSR at recovery process of isoflurane in control group and lesion group (P = 0.0001 by independent-samples t-test; n = 6 per group). F The induction time in control group and lesion group during the maintenance of 1.4% isoflurane anesthesia. G Lesion of ZI GABAergic neurons displaying no significant change in the power ratios of the EEG. Spectrograms of EEG power during the isoflurane anaesthesia period in lesion group (H) and the control group (K). I Lesion of ZI GABAergic neurons peolonged the recovery time from 1.4% isoflurane anesthesia. (J) During the recovery time, lesion of ZI GABAergic neurons significantly altered the power ratios of the EEG. (δ band: lesion group vs. control group; P = 0.0003 by independent-samples t-test;β band: lesion group vs. control group; P = 0.018 by independent-samples t-test, γ band: lesion group vs. control group; P = 0.01 by independent-samples t-test; n = 6 per group)