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. 2024 Feb 17;202(12):5531–5544. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04093-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — GSPE improves pancreatic function and T2DM symptoms in diabetic rats. Confirmation of the establishment of the diabetes rat model at week 12, as shown by A fasting blood glucose levels, B body weight, C water intake, and D urine volume. E The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level and F insulin level were assessed using ELISA and G analysis of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value. HOMA-IR was calculated by fasting insulin × fasting blood glucose/22.5), (H) HE staining of pancreatic islets in diabetic rats (× 400). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (*P < 0.05 vs. control; #P < 0.05 vs. T2DM)